This posting is an annotated bibliography focused broadly on touchscreen and gesture user interfaces, on-line character recognition (a.k.a. dynamic character recognition, a.k.a. pen and touch computing), both hardware and software. It has been a continuing work-in-progress since the 1980s. It includes references on related technical topics I have encountered in my career: for example PDAs/highly-portable computing, cryptographic communications, signature verification, biometric authentication, and digital rights management (DRM). I am posting it as a service to those with interest in the field.

It may also be of special interest to anyone investigating any of the areas of digitizer tablets, touchscreens, character recognition, touch/gesture user interfaces, multi-touch computing, passive and active tactile feedback, touch and proximity sensors, augmented reality, haptics, context-dependent intrepretation of user input, and applications including the same. It covers the time period from approximately 1887 / 1891 (first electronic tablets with "touch" input and a display), through 1914 (first electronic gesture/handwriting-recognition input and user-interface system), to the first handwriting-recognition tablet device connected to a modern electronic computer in 1957 (the "Stylator") and the more famous Rand Tablet (1961), to the present day.

As with any subject, the focus has modulated over the decades, and this bibliography follows these topics both forward in time, and historically back in time. Tablets and touchscreens have evolved into a variety of pointing devices, into PDAs and smart-phones, locating and gesturing sensors with three-dimensional input with six degrees of freedom, and more.

For example, there are no real lines between touch sensing for robotics, touch and contact sensing for user human input, fingerprint sensors, and touch and proximity sensing in general.

Likewise, there are no real lines between haptics for touchscreens, haptics for instrumentation, and biometric feedback. Earlier work on handwriting recognition, with handwritten symbols sometimes used for command input as "gestures", has evolved to be part of a much broader range of gestures, including in-air and 3D gestures.

Command user interfaces have merged with direct manipulation, and then with graphical user interfaces and virtual reality. Authenticating handwritten signatures has evolved to additional forms of dynamic biometrics. Haptic feedback has evolved from "simple" force-feedback to encompass tactile stimulation using electrovibration and sonic shock waves, and perceptual effects of visual and audio signaling. Virtual reality systems seem to have waxed and waned, and waxed again.

It is, indeed, a rich and complicated field, in all its aspects.

• This compilation and all annotations are copyright © Jean Renard Ward, 1992, 1996, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023.
• Permission is hereby given to link to these pages, or to cite or use this information in publication, including confidential reports, provided notice of the source is given as stated below along with the full URL of this page.
  
  

  Source:	Annotated Bibliography in On-line Character Recognition, Pen Computing,
  	Gesture User Interfaces and Tablet and Touch Computers, and related topics
  	Copyright ©Jean Renard Ward

For additional information on Rueters-Ward Services, including my CV for consulting or as an expert witness: URL:   http://www.ruetersward.com.) e-mail: jrward@alum.mit.edu Google Voice: 617-600-4095

References from the approximate years 1989 to 1990.

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• [ATT90a] AT&T "UNIX System V Release 4 Programmer's Guide: XWIN Graphical Windowing System Xlib-C Language Interface", Prentice Hall, 1990
  Administrative / programming guide for XWIN/X-Windows windowing system on Unix. ACL access control list for network connection, which system programs may be run from. Access rights/permissions can be conditioned also on authorization name and data received at server end of connection.
• [AbadiM90a] Abadi, Martin; Burrows, Mike; Kaufman, Charlie; and Lampson, Butler "Authentication and Delegation with Smart-Cards", Tech. Rpt. SRC-RR0-67, 1990; Proc. TACS '91 Intl. Conf. on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Software, September 24..27, 1991, Sendai, Japan, pp 326-345
  Security and performance analysis of smart-card authentication protocols relying on public/private key encryption/decryption in the smartcard: neither smartcard PIN nor private key ever exposed to login station/computer.
• [Abramovitz89] Abramovitz, R. G.; Anderson Jr., R. L.; Busse, F. L.; Celarier, S. A.; Poublan, J-Y. H. and Shorthill, L. R. "Optical Character Reader", US Patent 4,809,351, February 28, 1989
  Hardware design of a hand-held scanner for optical (typed) character recognition.
• [ActiveBook89] Active Book Ltd., Cambridge England "Masterstroke: the notebook computer", London Times, September 7, 1989, p 34
  Portable touch-screen/handwriting product, with character recognition. Active Book: Dr. Herman Hauser, founder: Olivetti financing.
• [AdolfJ89a] Adolf, Jurine "An Expert System for the Selection of Input Devices", Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, October 16-20, 1989, Denver Colorado, pp 335-339
  Select input/pointing devices -- Says on-line recognition inferior to almost all other user-interfaces for text input (comparison with Linus).
• [AdvancedProducts89] Advanced Products and Technologies "Voice Computer product announcement", IEEE Computer, September 1989, p 98
  Portable voice (!) recognition and output computer product.
• [AffinitoFJ89a] Affinito, F. J. "Braille Computer Mouse with Tactile Position Feedback", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol 31 no 12, p. 386, May 1989
  Not a Braille-output tactile display: mouse has pistons (raisable braille dots) to give haptic feedback (raised dots) as user moves mouse over display. No discussion of relative/absolute positioning/pointing.
• [AffinitoFJ89b] Affinito, Frank J. and Beetem, John F. "Feedback Mouse", US Patent 4,868,549, September 19, 1929
  Friction/resistance to motion haptic feedback on a mouse ("resistive feedback"), using powered electromagnetic and magnetic planar surface for brake circuits. Simulates apparent texture of surface, add resistance/friction when mouse reaches predetermined positions such as menu boundary or grid lines: compare with detent? ... haptic/tactile feedback mouse.
• [Agilis89a] Agilis Corporation "Product information on the Agilis System (TM) of Handheld Workstations", June 12, 1989. 1101 San Antonio Road, Mountain View, California 94043-1008
  Portable touch-screen/handwriting product, but no character recognition or electronic ink user-interface: radio net, Unix/OS-2/DOS. File includes additional material: BYTE magazine, "Agilis Hand-Held Workstations: Computing Power in the Field" August 1989.
• [Agilis89b] Agilis Corporation "Agilis Hand-Held workstations: Computing Power in the Field", BYTE Magazine, August, 1989
  Portable touch-screen/handwriting product, but no character recognition or electronic ink user-interface: radio net, Unix/OS-2/DOS. Hand-held Microsoft PC with modular disk drive module/slice, touchscreen/tablet display, battery packs, etc. File includes additional material: BYTE magazine, "Agilis Hand-Held Workstations: Computing Power in the Field" August 1989.
• [AgnewHH90a] Agnew, John Hugh; Woolley, Kenneth Roger; and Parfitt, David Gyn Walter "Digitising Device", PCT Patent Application WO90/06563, June 14, 1990
  Flexible electromagnetic digitizer tablet, printing conductive materials on flexible substrate using silver/nickel conductive ink, similar to membrane keyboards. Compare with Numonics GridMaster digitizer mat? File includes additional material: BYTE magazine, "Agilis Hand-Held Workstations: Computing Power in the Field" August 1989. Hand-held Microsoft PC with modular disk drive module/slice, touchscreen/tablet display, battery packs, etc.
• [AkihikoM90a] Akihiko, Matsuo; Masume, Hanaeda; and Atsuko, Tokuhara "Window Display System for Multiwindow System", Japanese Patent JPH03288891 (a), April 5, 1990
  (Machine translation to English) Translucent/semi-transparent windows so that user can see objects underneath.
• [Apple89a] Apple Computer Inc. "HyperCard User's Guide", Apple Computer, 1989, Cupertino, CA (hardcopy book)
  Basic reference for Hypertalk: new buttons may be defined to auto-highlight, includes lasso gesture for graphical editing.
• [Apple89b] Apple Computer Inc. "HyperTalk Beginner's Guide: An Introduction to Scripting", Apple Computer, 1989, Cupertino, CA (hardcopy book)
  Basic reference for Hypertalk: describes tool palettes for buttons, text, selection: lasso selection gesture triggered by tool palette button.
• [Apple90a] Apple Computer Inc. "MacIntosh Reference", Apple Computer, 1990, Cupertino, CA (hardcopy book)
  Reference manual/user's guide for MacIntosh computer: CloseView screen magnifier for accessibility.
• [Apple90b] Apple Computer Inc. "Getting Started with your MacIntosh", Apple Computer, 1990, Cupertino, CA (hardcopy book)
  Reference manual/user's guide for MacIntosh computer: desk user interface, explains that "press" does not mean press on the mouse, it means press the mouse button.
• [Apple90c] Apple Computer Inc. "Getting Started with HyperCard IIGS", Apple Computer, 1990, Cupertino, CA
  Reference/tutorial for HyperCard: hyperlinked document cards. Examples of IDE/SDK. Mentions HyperTalk scripting language.
• [Apple90d] Apple Computer Inc. "HyperTalk Beginner's Guide for the Apple IIgs", Apple Computer, 1990, Cupertino, CA
  Reference/tutorial for HyperTalk: scripting language for HyperCard with hyperlinks. Scripting language similarities to JavaScript (on mouseUp, etc.).
• [AppleProgrammersAndDevelopersAssociation89a] Apple Programmer's and Developer's Association "Hypercard Developer's Toolkit Version 1.0", Apple Programmer's and Developer's Association, 1989
  Apple Hypercard documentation from users group. User interface visual effects (scroll or wipe/swipe). AppMaker Application Generator with GUI graphical user interface editor.
• [AppleProgrammersAndDevelopersAssociation89b] Apple Programmer's and Developer's Association "ResEdit Version 1.2B1", Apple Programmer's and Developer's Association, 1989
  Apple Hypercard document from users group. Resource Editor IDE, shows resource built in a file, resource picker. Properties and attributes of individual resources can be edited. MacsBug 6.0 debugger. Includes LightSpeed C: GUI of build utility allows files to be bundled into segments graphically (partition line) for both source and library files (resources also?).
• [Atari90] Atari Corporation "Portfolio hand-held personal computer", Sunnyvale, California, 94089-1302, 1990
  Hand-held (well, hand-holdable) clamshell computer, no touchscreen. MSDos 2.11. Includes calendar, diary, note taker, other PDA functionality.
• [AtkinsonR89a] Atkinson, Russ; Demers, Alan; Hauser, Carl; Jacobi, Christian; Kessler, Peter; and Weiser, Mark "Experiences Creating Portable Cedar", Xerox PARC Palo Alto Research Center, Report CSL-89-8, June 1989. Also Proc. SIGPLAN '89, Portland Oregon, June 21-23, 1989
  Portable compilation of Cedar (successor to Smalltalk) by compiling to "C" and using native "C" compiler, plus implementing part of Cedar in the ported subset. X-Windows client.
• [Autosig90] Autosig Systems Inc. "Sign/on product information", 1990, PO Box 16050, Irving Texas 75016, 214-258-8033
  Formerly Signify / Sign-on: signature verification product.
• [BabelW89a] Bable, Werner "Steuerpult für Werkzeugmaschinen / Control panel for machine tools", European Patent EP0353706A2, February 7, 1990
  Machine tool controller with two linear touch strips (instead of touchpanel) at edges of display, or of keyboard controller.
• [BachT90a] Bach, Thomas William "Proximity Sensor", PCT Patent Application WO 90/14605, November 29, 1990
  Capacitive proximity sensor with shield ring or line surrounding sensor to protect against bias from rear objects, electromagnetic interference. Describes use in touchpads, using multiple sensors. Rubber overlay to form a pressure-sensitive drawing pad can be transparent means. Detect multiple objects -- Multitouch?
• [BarkerBA89a] Barker, Barbara A.; Hernandez, Irene H.; and Machart, Beverly H. "In-line dynamic editing of text or graphics", US Patent 4,815,029, March 21, 1989
  User interface combining free-hand drawing, graphical editing, similar to "Polite" product system by Sheldon Borkin and John Prager, or Xerox Star and Apple MacIntosh with generic functions valid for all types of objects. On-line dynamic editing of text or graphics in computer document executing actions on user-selected attributes based on internal knowledge of object type rather than by explicit commands. Command-bar / on-screen menu of editing commands.
• [BarkerBA90] Barker, Barbara A.; Hernandez, Irene H.; Machart, Beverly H. "Method for Modifying Intermingled Text Object and Graphic object within an Object Set Individually or Correspondingly", US Patent 4,974,194, November 27, 1980
  User-interface for stylus/gesture editing of text, using mark-up gestures.
• [BarkerPG89] Barker, P. G. and Manji, K. A. "Pictorial dialogue methods", Intl. Jnl. Man-Machine Studies, Vol 31 No 3, pp 323-347, September 1989
  User-interface for electronic books: multi-media pointing a la hypertext with pictures.
• [BaronR89a] Baron, Robert and Plamondon, Réjean "Acceleration Measurement with an Instrumented Pen for Signature Verification and Handwriting Analysis", IEEE Trans. on Instrumentaiton and Measurement, vol 38 no 6, December 1989, pp. 1132..1138
  Accelerometer pen, cites to Crane accelerometer stylus, other signature verification/authentication. Pairs of accelerometers, two at top and two at bottom of stylus, with force/pressure transducer in tip used for touch/contact only. Maximum acceleration varies with user, to 2.2 g with difference accelerations at top and bottom ends.
• [BatsonB89a] Batson, Brian and Diehm, Brian D. "Touchscreen Feedback System", US Patent 4,821,030, April 11, 1989
  touchscreen user interface UI for oscilloscope, using touch zones to select regions of trace. Characterizes touchscreens as being LED optical. Considerable treatment of "debounce" due to slow scanning rate of optical sensors, may encounter finger during vertical scan but not horizontal scan. Long dwell time.
• [BaumE89a] Baum, E. and Haussler, D. "What size net gives valid generalization?", in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, D. S. Touretzky, editor, Morgan Kaufman, 1989
  Trainable feedforward/back-propagation neural networks, mathematical derivation of size network needed to classify from a size of training sample set with particular expected error bounds. Notes however that this presumes the training set is not biased / is representative. Cited in MartinGL90b.
• [BeardMH90a] Beard, Marian H.; Caro, Perry A.; Hsiao, Jennifer B.; Mackey, Kevin J.; Sandman, James G.; Steinbach, Gary R.; and Woods, Donald R. "Virtual and emulated objects for use in the user interface of a display screen of a display processor", US Patent 4,939,507, July 3, 1990
  Simulated devices (PCs with simulated/virtual floppies, BIOS etc. etc.) also simulated/emulated virtual printers, etc. in a GUI desktop that is not a PC/DOS (Xerox). Includes a pop-up virtual keyboard that can be moved on the display. Mouse or (other) cursor control device (e.g. touchscreen).
• [BeardMH90b] Beard, Marian H.; Caro, Perry A.; Hsiao, Jennifer B.; Mackey, Kevin J.; Sandman, James G.; Steinbach, Gary R.; and Woods, Donald R. "Data processor having a user interface display with metaphoric objects", US Patent 4,899,136, February 6, 1990
  Icons (metaphoric objects) of simulated devices (PCs with simulated/virtual floppies, BIOS etc. etc.) also simulated/emulated virtual printers, etc. in a GUI desktop that is not a PC/DOS (Xerox). Includes a pop-up virtual keyboard that can be moved on the display. Mouse or (other) cursor control device (e.g. touchscreen). Includes window for display of virtualized target processor (VM) e.g. IBM PC. Metaphoric object == icon. One of the metaphoric objects is an emulated target processor (e.g. IBM PC) with virtual display: cut-and-paste between virtual objects including virtual display. Compare with Wang Freestyle, virtual devices?
• [BegejS90a] Begej, Steve "Glove Controller With Force and Tactile Feedback For Dexterous Robotic Hands", Phase I SBIR Final Report, 14 September, 1990, NAS 918308
  Prototype for data-glove-like hand controller with tactile/haptic feedback to fingertips and joints. Intended as telepresence (compare virtual reality) controller, remote robotic control. Sensors for joint angles and joint force, 37-taxel tactile touch sensor array in fingertip, tactile display is inflatable (air) fingertip.
• [BehrensH90a] Behrens, Herbert and Zeising, Norbert "Arrangement for the Input and Processing of Characters and/or Graphic Patterns", US Patent 4,899,137, February 6, 1990
  Overlay mechanical/physical keyboard on tablet: keys press down on tablet. When keyboard cover lifted, can use tablet as touchpad. No description of actual touchpad sensor: cites to systems that would no do multi-touch -- no discussion of key rollover. Refers to pressure, but only as pressure causing touchpad switches to close, etc.
• [BeringerDB89a] Beringer, Dennis B. and Bowman, Mary James "Operator Behavioral Biases using High-resolution Touch Input Devices", Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, October 16-20, 1989, Denver Colorado, pp 320-322
  Nothing study of visual parallax and targeting error in integrated tablet/display: 3/4mm error on their hardware at 17 degrees viewing angle: software offset only good for one user in one position, so they suggest letting the user just get used to visual parallax.
• [BeringerDB89b] Beringer, Dennis B. "Touch Panel Sampling Strategies and Keypad Performance Comparisons", Proc. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, October 1989
  Accuracy of touchscreen in helicopter pilot instrument (e.g. for maps). Neither touch-down nor activate-on-lift accurate, used filtered data instead. Touchscreen usefulness not worse than bezel mounted keys.
• [BeringerDB90a] Beringer, Dennis B. "Target Size and Location Effecs on Touch Panel Performance: Limits on Interpretation and Inference", Proc. Twelfth Symposium, Psychology in the Department of Defense, 18..20 April, 1990, USAFA-TR-90-1, AD-A240 113, pp. 122..126
  Targeting error/accuracy on touchscreens best on targets near resting position of hand (right handed: lower right corner, and lower edge.) Cites to air traffic control with touch screen.
• [BerkeWM89a] Berke, W. Mike "Graphics tablet using a permuted trace ordering scheme", US Patent 4,806,918, February 21, 1989
  Tablet with X/Y grid/matrix of conductor wires, needs fewer drivers on tablet traces by coupling multiple traces together in different combinations to drivers, permutations of combinations let you know which trace was actually getting the signal. Cites to Carau 1978 design article.
• [BierEA90a] Bier, Eric A. "Snap-Dragging in in Three Dimensions", ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, Vol 24 No 2, March 1990, pp. 193-204. Proc. I3D '90 Symp. on Interactive 3D Graphics
  Snap to grid vs. heuristic constraints in three dimensions 3-D similar to compass and ruler for pointing and positioning, in technical illustration system. Gravity, alignment objects (lines, angles, spheres, etc.), smooth-motion affines. Snap-to-grid in three dimensions in 2-D user interface.
• [BierEA90b] Bier, Eric A. and Goodisman, Aaron "Documents as User Interfaces", Proc. Intl. Conf. on Electronic Publishing, Document Manipulation and Typography, 199, pp. 249-262, 1990
  Earliest paper on EmbeddedButtons. Mentions navigation buttons embedded in electronic document (buttons in TOC and in section headings), turn words into buttons that do strike-out or other function (translation/dictionary/spelling-change) when clicked. Buttons also embedded in multimedia documents. Video demonstration.
• [BierEA90c] Bier, Eric A.; Goodisman, Aaron; Wyatt, Doug and Pier, Ken "Documents as User Interfaces: Video", Xerox PARC demonstration video for EmbeddedButtons, 1990, Available on YouTube.com
  Demonstration video for EmbeddedButtons: portions of text in a document automatically made active and clickable: e.g. bring up dictionary definition, show a pop-up menu, etc. Tioga text editor, Gargoyle graphics editor, Documents as Control Panels. To accompany 1991 SIGCHI paper. Compare with Visual Basic, PenApps?
• [BilboMK90a] Bilbo, Mark K. "Using MacWrite: Covers MacWrite II", Que Corp., 1990 (hardcopy book)
  MacWrite II word processing / electronic publishing. Find/Replace uses wildcards, then presents user multiple change actions.
• [BinsteadRP90a] Binstead, Ronald P. "Touch Keyboard Systems", US Patent 4,954,823, September 4, 1990
  Controller for capacitive touchpad/touch keypad, multiplexed. Threshold and drift compensation. Multiple keypads can be summed together. Multi-touch capable (example use is "shift" key). Matrix rows and columns can be combined to reduce number of connections. Drift compensation / adaptive baseline.
• [BlattLA89a] Blatt, Louis A. "Human Factors Support of Gesture Recognition", Res. Rpt. June 16, 1989, Wang Laboratories, 1 Industrial Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01851
  Internal Wang report on variations in chain code writing sequences for handwritten alphabetic characters.
• [BlattLA89b] Blatt, Louis A. "Spreadsheet Gesture Set", Res. Rpt. February 2, 1989, Wang Laboratories, 1 Industrial Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01851
  Internal Wang report on what editing marks / gestures subjects used informally on spreadsheets.
• [BlattLA90a] Blatt, Louis A. and Schell, Alan "Gesture Set Economics for Text and Spreadsheet Editors", manuscript, March 3, 1990, Wang Laboratories, 1 Industrial Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01851
  Gesture recognition UI study on "most natural" gestures for text and spreadsheet editing, resulted in proofreader's marks.
• [BlattnerMM89a] Blattner, Meera M.; Sumikawa, Denise A.; and Greenberg, Robert M. "Earcons and Icons: Their Structure and Common Design Principles", Human-Computer Interaction, 1989, vol 4, pp. 11..44
  Design of earcons: audio messages and feedback, including states, labels, functions. Suggest related patterns of sound for related messages to avoid information overload. Audio examples are generally musical tones in upward/downward arpeggio.
• [BlehaS90a] Bleha, Saleh; Slivinsky, Charles; and Hussien, Bassam "Computer-Access Security System Using Keystroke Dynamics", IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol 12 no 12, December 1990, pp. 1217-1222
  Biometric Authenticatiion of users by keystroke/typing dynamics. Identifier uses a phrase, password uses person's name. 8% false reject, 0.5% false acceptance. Citations to signature handwriting authentication/verification, but none to other keyboard dynamics. See Saltzer 1976.
• [BloodEB89a] Blood, Ernest B. "Device for quantitatively measuring the relative position and orientation of two bodies in the presence of metals utilizing direct current magnetic fields", US Patent 4,849,692, July 18, 1989
  Ascension Technology Corporation: electromagnetic 3D/6DOF position sensing (tablet) using multiple receiving antennas (orthogonally at right angles) and DC direct current magnetic field from multiple transmitters. Subtract out Earth's magnetic field. Vague about the exact computation of position: based on direction inferred from relative signal strengths along three axis, and distance inferred from absolute signal strength w.r.t. earth magnetic field as reference? Says with DC signals, no need for calibration (?), no interference from electromagnetic fields (?), but affected by nearby magnetic object.
• [BloodEB90a] Blood, Ernest B. "Device for quantitatively measuring the relative position and orientation of two bodies in the presence of metals utilizing direct current magnetic fields", US Patent 4,945,305, July 31, 1990
  Ascension Technology Corporation: electromagnetic 3D/6DOF position sensing (tablet) using multiple receiving antennas (orthogonally at right angles) and DC direct current magnetic field from multiple transmitters. Subtract out Earth's magnetic field. Vague about the exact computation of position: based on direction inferred from relative signal strengths along three axis, and distance inferred from absolute signal strength w.r.t. earth magnetic field as reference? Says with DC signals, no need for calibration (?), no interference from electromagnetic fields (?), but affected by nearby magnetic object.
• [BlySA90a] Bly, Sara A. and Minneman, Scott L. "Commune: A Shared Drawing Surface", Proc. COCS '90 ACM SIGOIS and IEEE CS TC-OA Conf. on Office information systems, Pages 184-192, ACM New York
  Shared writing/marking/drawing/gesture surface (whiteboard) with voice, transparent digitizer over display with single pen/stylus for each user. All user ink was same color, cursor "pens" different color for each user. Pointing by moving cursor without touching surface. Simultaneous by all users. Transparent digitizer not specified. Gestures were in-air for other users to see what speaker was pointing at, not gesture commands. (proximity sense digitizer: Scriptel?) Identify/differentiate users? Compare with Wang Freestyle?
• [BoieB89a] Boie, Bob; Mathews, Max; Schloss, Andy "The Radio Drum as a Synthesizer Controller", Proc. Intl. Computer Music Conf. (1989), pp. 42-45
  Capacitive touch sensor: transmitting antennae in multiple drum sticks (e.g. multi-touch), receiver in flat drum sensors, different drum sticks use different frequencies. Z proximity sensing up to about 6 inches (compare with Scriptel). Bimanual/multi-touch.
• [BoieRA89b] Boie, R. A.; Ruedisueli, L. W.; and Wagner, E. R. "Gesture Sensing via Capacitive Moments", Work Project No. 311401-(2099,2399), AT&T Bells Laboratories, 1989
  See also Blonder 93 patent involving capacitive moments, and Radio Drum. Cited in Jaffe 93 essay on electronic instruments, further electronic music references. Some references give the date as 1991. Cited in Nevile 2003 for Radio Drum.
• [BorensteinNS90a] Borenstein, Nathaniel S. "Multimedia Applications Development with the Andrew Toolkit", Prentice-Hall, 1990, ISBN 0-13-036633-1 (hardcopy book)
  Mostly Dialog and other aspects of Andrew UI programming.
• [BorgK90a] Borg, Kjell "iShell: A Visual UNIX Shell", Pro. Chi '90, April 1990, pp. 201-207
  Visual interactive shell user interface for UNIX using gestures: Desktop UI using gestures: drag-and-drop document icons on on UI machines such as printer, mailer, fax, etc. Visual programming language iScript for defining actions.
• [BowersDevelopment89a] Bowers Development "AppMaker, the Application Generator", Bowers Development, Lincoln MA 1989
  ThinkC Class Library object-oriented development system for the Apple Macintosh -- forerunner to FrameMaker? Shows UI for creating dialogs on targeted system. GUI IDE for cross-system development. Includes addendum for version 1.1 of Appmaker. GUI IDE allows for custom sliders.
• [BowersHL90a] Bowers, Harold L. "Interactive Template", US Patent 4,933,514, July 12, 1990
  (Printed patent miss-spells Interactive Template): Patent on CadKey fixed-menu command template to be put on top of a digitizer with command iput, commands being grouped on the template. Compare with other templates of the time, such as PenCad, Pencept template with recognition macros (gestures), and work by Doster and Oed.
• [BoydLH90a] Boy, Lawrence H.; Boyd, Wesley L.; and Vanderheiden, Gregg C. "The Graphical User Interface Crisis: Danger and Opportunity", U. Wisconsin TRACE Tech. Rpt. ED 333 687, EC 300 443, Access to the Graphic User Interface, September 20, 1990
  Report on accessibility problems for the blind/visually-impaired from GUI graphical user interfaces, and stages of customization with standard text, icons/pictographs, graphics, graphical structures, navigation and control. Examples taken from MacIntosch GUI. See Wes Boyd and OutSpoken screenreader for MacIntosh.
• [BozinovicRM89a] Bozinovic, R. M. and Srihari, S. N. "Off-Line Cursive Script Word Recognition", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol 11 No 1, January 1989, pp 68-83
  Off-line (vs on line) cursive handwriting recognition. Multi-level analysis of handwriting: points, contours, features, letters, and words. Reference-line finding on handwriting, letter segmentation based on local minima or low vertical profiles. Topological relationships of contours on handwriting for recognition. Lists of features used for cursive handwriting recognition. Chain encoding for off-line handwriting cursive script recognition. Statistical and syntactic context rules for cursive handwritten words. Testing done with two subjects told to do fully-connected script, and to maintain reasonable legibility. Said 77% accuracy on whole words with context was good test results (!). Testing of off-line cursive script, but used data taken from tablet digitizer, so no scanning/pixel/gray problems. Well-known tenet of pattern recognition practice that for problems with large feature space dimensionality, the sizes of the training and testing sets should be roughly the same. Well-known tenet of pattern recognition practice that training and testing sets should not be the same to avoid overly optimistic results.
• [BozmanJS90a] Bozman, Jean S. "Macs talk to visually impaired", ComputerWorld, vol 24 no 23, June 4, 1990, p. 17
  Screen Reader: Smithsonian award finalist OutSpoken by Berkeley Systems, accessibility screen reader for MacIntosh using standard voice synthesizer. Available for all Macs for visually-impaired / completely blind.
• [BrokowP89a] Brokow, Paul and Barrow, Jeff "Analog Devices AN-345: Grounding for Low- and High-Frequency Circuits", Analog Device Application Note AN-345, 1989
  Grounding/shielding to reduce external noise in mixed-signal circuits: Know Your Ground and Signal Paths for Effective Designs / Current Flow Seeks Path of Least Impedance - Not Just Resistance. Feedback paths through virtual grounds: use of bypass capacitors to ground (should be located close to op-amp).
• [BrokowP90a] Brokow, Paul "Analog Devices AN-202: An IC Amplifier User's Guide to Decoupling, Grounding, and Making Things Go Right for a Change", Analog Device Application Note AN-202, 1990: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/application-notes/AN-202.pdf
  Discussion of "fourth terminal" on three-terminal op-amp as either ground or one of the power supply voltages. One problem is sensitivity to high-frequency noise/fluctuations in supply voltage: supply voltages are not perfect low-impedance. Differences in decoupling for grounded loads, virtual-ground loads, feed-forward. Use of trim potentiometers to compensate for bias voltage. Cited in Electronic Circuit Design: From Concept to Implementation by N. Kularatna, which gives publication date.
• [BrooksFP90a] Brooks, Frederick P. Jr.; Ouh-Young, Ming; Batter, James, J. and Kilpatrick, P. Jerome "Project GROPE - Haptic Displays for Scientific Visualization", Computer Graphics, Vol 24 No 4, August 1990, pp. 177-185
  Haptic output display (motion stage) visualization of molecules (electric field surface) and objects, with force-feedback device. GROPE-1 Device used developed by Margaret Minsky. One advantage is that (technical) users gained better insight into sites on biological molecules. Includes review of virtual world systems back to Sutherland: automotive, etc.
• [BrownE90a] Brown, E.; Buxton, W. and Murtagh, K. "Windows on Tablets as a Means of Achieving Virtual Input Devices", in D. Diaper et al (Editors), "Human-Computer Interaction - INTERACT '90", Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 675-681
  Refers to dynamic windows, virtual devices on tablets, tools for defining regions flexibly. Use touch tablet to simulate virtual keypads, mouse, other devices. Compare with Schumer? Mentions emulating multiple devices on multi-touch tablet (Lee '85). States specifically that dividing tablet into regions/zones is not new. Refers to "gesture-based trainer" to define input window/virtual device GUI layout. See also http://www.billbuxton.com/windows.html.
• [BrownNR89a] Brown, Norman R. and Vosburgh, Ann Marie "Evaluating the Accuracy of a Large-Vocabulary Speech Recognition System", Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, October 16-20, 1989, Denver Colorado, pp 296-300
  Recognition performance: simple recognition error (how many wrong): adjusted recognition error (how many wrong after removing errors system "not expected" to get right) out of vocabulary words -- also removing errors attributed to bad input: tablet or voice input errors? Use of context can ADD errors and reduce recognition accuracy: "drag-along" errors where a "correction" due to context screws up subsequent inputs. User interface and recognition %: a (speech) recognition system need very good / easy correction mechanisms for user to correct recognition errors.
• [BrunnerW90a] Brunner, Wolfgang and Zech, Ludwig V. "Method of measuring locally specific pressures", US Patent 4,901,584, February 20, 1990
  Touchpad of woven optical fibers: senses touch where fibers are pressed together, touching allows light to pass from signal fiber (e.g. X) to detection fiber (e.g. Y), area of contact can be profiled. Stated use is measuring foot pressure pattern, compared to multiplexed X/Y capacitive grid touchpanel.
• [BuxtonWAS90a] Buxton, William A. S. "A Three-State Model of Graphical Input", Proc. INTERACT 90, pp 449-456
  Modeling pointing (stylus, joystick, mouse, touchscreen, lightpen) user interfaces as transitions among three states: touch, proximity, out-of-range. Does not model multiple buttons directly. Tap is no motion in touch. Mentions timeout cue (no motion/dwell gesture) for pointing/selecting, but slower than using pressure threshold. Dwell combine with press-and-hold? Activate-on-lift: "lifting your finger" "object is selected"
• [ByrneJB89a] Byrne, Jani Gabriel "Competitive Evaluation in Industry: Some Comments", Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, October 16-20, 1989, Denver Colorado, pp 423-425
  Notes on comparing competitive commercial user interfaces.
• [Byte89a] BYTE Magazine "BYTE Magazine: Annual Awards and digitizing Tablet", BYTE Magazine, Vol 14 no 1, January 1989
  "Product Focus: Graphic Details" by Apiki, Steve and Diehl, Stanford. Includes review of Penpad 320 of Pencept: show character recognition CAD templates (AutoCad), controller board.
• [CIC89a] Communication Intelligence Corporation "Handwriter: Expanding the world of computing", CIC, 1989
  Product and technology brochure on CIC Handwriter: ideographic writing, non-typed. Several examples of program templates for desktop publishing, none for CAD/CAM. Comparison of user interface on touch tablet with single touches, versus multiple keystrokes for spreadsheet programs Lotus/123 and Multiplan.
• [CIC89b] Dao, Jeff "Handwriter: The Ultimate Recognition Engine", Communication Intelligence Corp., 1989
  Overview on CIC Handwriter: Chinese/Japanese characters handwriting recognition, CAD/CAM, Office Automation (Templates for WordPerfect, Lotus 1-2-3, etc.) Automatic data processing (forms input), Small Business Accounting (Solomon III).
• [CIC90a] Communication Intelligence Corporation "Communication Intelligence Corporation: Handwriter Licensing program for Wang Laboratories", CIC, April 27 1990
  Licensing program for CIC HandWriter handwriting/gesture recognition on tablet: compare with Pencept.
• [CIS89] CIS "Geometry Ball product information", CIS Group, Postfach 10 01 80, D-4060 Viersen 1, West Germany, 1989
  6DOF Six-degree of freedom 3-D pointing mouse device: senses torque (yaw, pitch, roll) and direction of force (X/Y/Z), motionless joystick.
• [CalComp89a] CalComp "CalComp 2300 Series DrawingBoard Digitizers", CalComp Inc., 1990
  CalComp 2300 digitizer tablet, stylus, cursor/puck. File includes brochure on CalComp graphic input devices.
• [Canon89] Canon "Canon Ai Note IN-3000 product announcement", CanonVoice, February, 1989 (in Japanese)
  Canon Ai Note IN-3000: Small, portable notebook-style handwriting input/recognition (PDA) product from Canon, 1989. Web postings with copy of original sales brochure (in Japanese).
• [CardSK90a] Card, Stuart K.; Mackinlay, Jack D.; and Robertson, George G. "The Design Space of Input Devices", Proc. CHI '90, pp. 117-124
  Comparison of user-interface features for tablets, touch pads, light pens, mouse, and other pointing input devices: resolution, foot print, speed and error performance, accuracy.
• [CarpenterG89a] Carpenter, Gail and Grossberg, Stephen "Hierarchical neural approach", Boston Univ. press release, 1989
  Report of ongoing research for multi-layer neural networks with back-propagation.
• [CarterJ90a] Carter, Josh "Magic Cap: Before General Magic there was Paradigm", http://joshcarter.com, July 30, 2018
  Review of documentation from the Paradigm project: early project spun out of Apple which became Magic Cap pen-based PDA/smartphone operating system and user interface, predecessor to Andori, Apple iPhone, Danger Hiptop. Appears to show simultaneous finger and stylus input? Motorola Envoy PDA with ARDIS radio modem, telephone. Side-attached video camera, small chicklet-style fold-out keyboard, scanner, bar-code scanner (?), FM radio.
• [CarterJ90b] Carter, Josh "Motorola Envoy", http://joshcarter.com, May 23, 2009
  Overview of Motorola Envoy, running Magic Cap by General Magic. Stylus/touchscreen, antenna for ARDIS/cellular data, but not cellular voice calls (no VOIP). Mentions Magic Cap simulator/emulator. Notes back-reflective screen brighter than other non-backlit displays.
• [ChauhanDS89a] Chauhan, D.S. and DeHoff, Paul H. "Magneto-Inductive Skin Sensor for Robot Collision Avoidance: A New Development", NASA contractor annual report NASA CR-185402, U.S. Govt. Doc. Number NAS 1.26: 185402, January 1, 1989
  Robotic skin / flexible touch array tactile sensor for both capacitive and magnetoinductive sensing of objects. Capacitive contact sensing (plate deflection), magnetoinductive proximity sensing experimentally to 45 centimeters.
• [ChenH89a] Chen, Hsing; and Juang, Dar-Chang "Digital computer writing board", US Patent 4,833,279, May 23, 1989
  Tablet ("digital computer writing board" using soft piezoelectric film to generate electrical signals in X/Y grid of conductors ("electric polar lines") on two sides of substrate. Cites handwriting (recognition?) and graphical drawing input for communication. Tablet == tracing board. Refers to adjusting reference level for writing pressure threshold: force sensor? Inductive (electromagnetic) and resistive tables mentioned in prior art: inductive pen (electromagnetic stylus).
• [ChengF89] Cheng, F.; Hsu, W. and Chen, C. "Fuzzy Approach to Solve the Recognition Problem of Handwritten Chinese Characters", Pattern Recognition, Vol 22 No 2, pp 133-141, 1989
  Fuzzy set recognition applied to Chinese characters. Most troublesome problem in Chinese handwriting is great variation among hand-prints. Assumptions about statistical probability density in handwriting recognition are highly dubious. It is impractical to deal with variations in handwriting with probability densities. A similarity measure between strokes in Chinese character based on angle feature, not length. Stroke length not a reliable feature in Chinese characters. 96% recognition rate on 881 Chinese characters (160 variations each), once rejects are removed.
• [CheungE89a] Cheung, Edward and Lumelsky, Vladimir "Development of Sensitive Skin for a 3D Robot Arm Operating in an Uncertain Environment", Proc. 1989 IEEE Intl. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, May 14..19, 1989, pp. 1056..1061
  Multiplexing of 500 (reflective optical: IR-LED and sensor) proximity/touch sensors for flexible skin. Time-multiplexing, and frequency multiplexing (modulation frequencies of 75..150Khz) prevents crosstalk between sensors. Cited by BrownHB96 for capacitive touch sensors. Multi-touch?
• [CheungRW89a] Cheung, Robin W. "Method for measuring the size of vias", US Patent 4,781,962, October 3, 1989
  Larger perforations/holes raise sheet resistance, so measure sheet resistance for indirect measurement of vias/holes. Cites to van der Pauw sheet resistance. Compare to perforation for raising sheet resistance.
• [Chips90a] Chips and Technologies Inc. "82C455 VGA Flat Panel / CRT Controller Databook, Revision 2.03", Chips and Technologies, February 1990
  Flat panel/LCD controller used in Wang "The Guide" pen/tablet computer. Masking of writes to selected display bitplanes. Grayscale/color lookup tables.
• [ChowD90a] Chow, Doris and Kim, Joonki "Paper Like Interface for Educational Applications", Proc. National Educational Computing Conf., June 20-22, 1989, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 337..344
  Part of the paper-like interface PLI projects at IBM: electrostatic/capacitive digitizer (Scriptel) over LCD display, exploration of gesture input. Teaching block-printing to children by direct comparison with prototype shapes. States that gesture recognition requires a different recognition strategy. Crossword-puzzle as teaching drill using handwriting recognition. Music editing demonstration modelled after Buxton, but not using same recognition technology.
• [ClarkAJ90a] Clark, Andrew J. "Do you really know who is using your system? - A Survey of Personal Authentication Techniques", Paper to be presented to the British Computer Society, Technology of Software Protection Specialist Group, February 1990
  Review of authentication techniques: Something Known (password), Something Owned, Optically read cards, Smart cards, Password Generators, Personal Authenticators, Physical Characteristics -- Fingerprint, Retinal Scan, Voice Verification. Mentions *dynamic* signature verification as an "involuntary response", cites low hardware reliability of touch-screens: Dr. John Parks of the British Technology Group for signature verification products.
• [ClarkD89b] Clark, D.; Demmel, J.; Hong, J.; Lafferriere, G.; Salkind, L. and Tan, X. "Teleoperation Experiments with a Utah/MIT Hand and a VPL DataGlove", NASA/JPL Space Telerobotics Conf., JPLPublication 89-7, Vol. V, January 1989, pp. 81..89
  DataGlove with articulation sensors combined with Polhemus 3D digitizer sensor used for Waldo-like teleoperation of robotic hand.
• [ClarkDM89] Clark, D. M. "Pattern Recognition Method and Apparatus", US Patent 4,805,225, February 14, 1989
  Hierarchical network recognizer, similar to neural nets, to determine the presence of a feature (but how are features weighted?). Cites work on connectionist models for neural nets.
• [CohenPR89a] Cohen, Philip R.; Dalrymple, Mary; Moran, Douglan B.; Pereira, Fernando C.N.; Sullivan, Joseph W.; Gargan, Robert A. jr.; Schlossberg, John L.; and Tyler, Sherman W. "Synergistic Use of Direct Manipulation and Natural Language", Proc. CHI '89, May, 1989, pp. 227..233
  Experimental system to combine natural language (typed? voice recognition?) command input with direct manipulation: user points to clarify context of pronouns: e.g. "this", "these", "here". Compare with Put-That-There? Chat and SHOPTALK systems. Model is query and command language for factor production / shop floor.
• [ComputerBusinessReview89] Computer Business Review "IBM Announcements - Computer Business Review", Computer Business Review, Issued 1146, March 31, 1989
  Report on IBM PLI "paper-like interface", and comparison with Quest Automation Datapad development in the United Kingdom: Quest Datapad 15 years previously (1975?).
• [ComputerS89] Computer Shopper "Paper-like Interface -- IBM researchers are exploring a way to use computers in which people simply write on a flat surface", Computer Shopper, June 1989, page 169
  Press announcement of IBM's electronic ink handwriting recognition product.
• [ComputerWorld89a] ComputerWorld "Scriptwriter electronic clipboard", ComputerWorld, vol 23 no 35, August 28, 1989, p. 62
  Mention of ScriptWriter electronic clipboard from Data Entry Solutions: tablet computer for note-taking / data-entry with electronic ink, marketing company Technology Solutions, Inc.
• [ComputingHistory89a] Center for Computing History "GRidPad 1910", www.computinghistory.org.uk, fetched 2016
  Device most commonly associated with "grid pad". PC-XT, MS-DOS. Says IO capacitance-based wired pen touchscreen -- not resistive film?
• [CorrenDR89a] Corren, Dean R. "Computer System User Interface", US Patent 4,827,410, May 2, 1989
  User interface for transparent digitizer or touchscreen which covers a display and also portions of working surface next to the display. Word processing. Fixed Menus can be mounted outside the area of the display. Compare with Wang "The Guide", Ericcson touch sliders? Shows tablet mounted in desk: compare with "As we may think"?
• [CraigTR90a] Craig, Timothy R. "Rotation and displacement sensing apparatus", US Patent 4,975,546, December 4, 1990
  Electromagnetic tablet and stylus, signal generated either in the stylus or the tablet and sensed in the tablet or the stylus. Mentions as alternative art resistive, capacitive, optical, sound infra-red, electromagnetic, or mechanical linkage / pantograph tablet.
• [CulverCF89a] Culver, Craig F. "Multifunction tactile manipulatable control", US Patent 4,823,634, April 25, 1989
  "Switch bar": kind of a roller-mouse pointing input for mounting in a portable/laptop keyboard: horizontal roller plus left-right slider on the roller, with press for Z input (click/select). Optional buttons on side: mentions chording of (mouse) buttons.
• [DFM89a] DFM Business Systems Inc. "DBF unveils 3.5-pound hand-held PC", Travelite 286 Product announcement, Info World, September 11, 1989, vol 11 no 37
  "Hand-held" computer in this case means a fat slate-format PC with a touchscreen running DR-DOS, 640x400 LCD, 20MB disk drive. Infra-red link to hospital data systems.
• [DFM89b] DFM Business Systems Inc. "Hand-held CPU for health care uses infrared-link", Travelite 286 Product announcement, Network World, October 30, 1989, v6 no 43
  "Hand-held" computer in this case means a fat slate-format PC with a touchscreen running DR-DOS, 640x400 LCD, 20MB disk drive. Infra-red link to hospital data systems, hardware link to 4 x 56Kbit/second data circuits over unused TV change on hospital cable TV.
• [DanisCM89a] Danis, Catalina M. "Developing Successful Speakers for an Automatic Speech Recognition System", Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, October 16-20, 1989, Denver Colorado, pp 301-304
  Training users to adapt to a particular speech recognition: Problems are too clear at end of words, too mushy at start of words, no word separation, speak too fast. Data base / testing to determine recognition performance: very important to try realistic conditions: realistic conditions include the fact that users adapt to the system.
• [DannenbergRB89a] Dannenberg, R. B. and Amon, D. "A gesture based user interface prototyping system", Proc. UIST '89, 1989, pp 127-132
  Slide-switch, two-finger (multi-touch) twist knob, click gestures. Hand-coded recognizer in prototype. Buttons: multitouch? Touchscreen/tablet was McAvinney Sensor Frame. Describes user interface system using object that are responsive to multiple, concurrent gestures (more than one finger); object is responsive to gesture if point of (first) contact falls within its bounding box. Includes "graphical switch" and "graphical slide switch" to turn on/of.
• [DarraghJJ90a] Darragh, John J.; Witten, Ian H. and James, Mark L. "The Reactive Keyboard: A Predictive Typing Aid", IEEE Computer, November 1990, pp. 41-49
  Graphical/virtual/synthetic keyboard on-screen keyboard on Apple MacIntosh, usable with mouse without physical keyboard. Also includes predictive type-ahead. One use is as accessibility technology, combined with dwell-mouse for handicapped use.
• [Datakech90a] DataKech, Incorporated "Scriptwriter product information, 1990", 15331 Manor Village Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20853
• [Datapro89] Datapro Research, Manufacturing Information Systems Data Collection report #450 "Handwriting Recognition Systems", January 1989
  Datapro report on Linus Write-Top and Data Entry Systems ScriptWriter handwriting recognition products.
• [DavisE89a] Davis, Elliot "Pattern Recognition Error Reduction System", US Patent 4,802,231, January 31, 1989
  Error reduction by matching patterns against additional templates of patterns otherwise mis-matched.
• [Denker89] Denker, J. S.; Gardner, W. R.; Graf, H. P.; Henderson, D.; Howard, R. E.; Hubbard, W.; Jackel, L. D.; Baird, H. S. and Guyon I. "Neural network recognizer for Hand-written zip code digits", In Advances in neural information processing systems I, D. S. Touretzky, editor. Morgan Kaufman, 1989
  Cited MartinGL90.
• [DestombesF89a] Destombes, F. "Virtual All-Points-Addressable Tactile Display", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, May 1, 1989, Vol 89 No 5, pp. 135-136
  Compare with Opticon: small finger-sized display for tactile output. Refers to small display being movable over desktop surface, and sensing absolute position on the surface (such as through mesh/grid of wires: electromagnetic/electrostatic tablet?).
• [DiSantoFJ89a] DiStanto, Frank J. and Krusus, Denis A. "Data/Facsimile Telephone Subset Apparatus Incorporating Electrophoretic Displays", US Patent 4,870,677, September 26, 1989
  Desktop telephone set with touchscreen display: displays contact lists/directory, different keypads, credit card and other information. Compare with Ken Knowlton?
• [DominessyME89a] Dominessy, Mary E. "A Literature Review and Assessment of Touch Interactive Devices", Technical Note 11-89, AD-A217 668, US Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md, October 1989
  Review of touchscreen technologies and products 1989. Johnson Switch one-layer (horizontal only) wire-grid capacitive as first touch input device 1983/1967. Cross-wire capacitive/electrostatic. Resistive membrane. Capacitive film/sheet. Optical LED grid, optical LED from two corners. Elographics SAW surface acoustic wave with Z-axis force/pressure. Notes on parallax (esp. over curved CRT display), dead zones / target size (compare invention disclosure). Resistive membrane devices in 1983 to Sierracin/Transflex (subject to misalignment and drift during use). Carroll Touch infra-red IR touchscreen.
• [DonoghueK90a] Donoghue, Karen and Knowlton, Ken "Computer Simulation of Calligraphics Pens and Brushes", Proc. 2nd. Int'l. Symp. on Electronic Art, Groningen, Holland, November 12..16, 1990, ISBN 90-800685-1-9
  Simulating calligraphic pens and brushes with force-transducing (pressure) pen/stylus for brush-styled writing. Part of Wang Freestyle. Uses derived velocity, stroke length, dwell/pause time. Cites to Leedham: on-line recognition of Pitman's shorthand, Mark Philips 1987 digitizer testing (200 Hz. points/second sample rate), with adjustable sampling rate. Electronic inking within 5 msecs, even with broad ink. Lack of visual inking feedback affects writing style (Leedham). See also US Patent 5,155,813.
• [Dragon90] Dragon Systems "DragonDictate product announcement", Newton, Massachusetts, March 1990
  Commercial voice/speech recognition product.
• [DrummDE89a] Drumm, Donald E. "Electronic Light Pointer for a Projection Monitor", US Patent 4,808,980, February 28, 1989
  Donald Drumm at Wang: Patent on light pen for wall-mounted projection TVs, displays. Light pen has flexible tip, light sensor is pressed against projected image and picks up scan trace from projection TV.
• [DulaneyKL89a] Dulaney, Kenneth L.; Hawkins, Jeffrey C.; Sanford, Lindsay; and McNamara, James H. "Split Screen Keyboard Emulator", US Patent 5,031,119, July 9, 1991
  On-screen simulated touchscreen keyboard, show full CGA display in top half of screen, on-screen virtual keyboard in bottom 1/2 of screen.
• [DunbarJH89a] Dunbar, John H. and Atkinson, Edward B. "Sensor Array", US Patent 4,795,998, January 3, 1989
  Conductive woven fabric touchpad sensor (wearable), conductive yarn has copper wire wrapped in cotton "electrically partially resistive fibrous material". Force/pressure sensing at any crossover point in mesh/grid by multiplexing (multi-touch)? Cites to conductive silicon rubber force sensing. Isolation of wires (to prevent ghosting?) can be done with conventional guarding techniques, or isolating diodes (compare with Kaplow?). One layer may be hard circuit board.
• [DunthornDI90a] Dunthorn, David I. "Virtual Button for Touch Screens", US Patent 4,914,624, April 3, 1990
  Get around lack of proximity sensing in virtual push buttons (with highlighting) on a digitizer touch screen or touchpad, touch and untouch (sic: proximity?) events. First touch/untouch does a selection, second touch/untouch actual activates what was selected. Instead add a second (multi-touch/ghost-touch) touch to the first touch, or move the finger in a particular direction, or press harder, and get a second button or a rotating menu to select/perform the particular action. Makes use of shift in position with a second touch on a resistive-sheet tablet by using the sudden shift above a speed threshold -- and it's direction -- to indicate a "virtual button" regard of any soft button underneath -- compare with gestures and marking menus. Also, "abnormally long time interface" without motion (a dwell) as a press-and-hold gesture? Or greater pressure as a virtual push-button (gesture). Touchpad called "touch sensitive orthogonal data field input device". Compare with preview on proximity/pressure, VoiceOver two-tap activation? Has activate-on-lift: not actually selected until user "untouches".
• [Dynabook89] Dynabook Technologies "product literature and press release", October 1989. PC/Computing, October 1989
  Rumored portable touchscreen product ("Dynabook"): handwriting recognition? Any relation to Alan Kay's Dynabook?
• [EdwardsADN89a] Edwards, Alistair D.N. "Soundtrack: An Auditorv Interface for Blind User", Human-Computer Interaction vol 4, 1989, pp 45..66
  Prototype accessible/audible user interface (instead of GUI) for word processing, in context of Federal government requirements for accessibility. Absolute position pointer (tablet) better for blind than mouse (best for sighted user) due to kinesthetic feedback on position. Uses mouse input with spoken menus, not keyboard keys for navigation. Highlighting via spoken output.
• [EmbachJT89a] Embach, James T. "Touchscreen CRT with Tactile Feedback", US Patent 4,885,565, December 5, 1989
  Touchscreen on CRT display with active feedback to confirm touch, both audio and tactile/haptic. Mechanical actuator to vibrate touchscreen. Mentions tactile feedback because audio and visual may not work.
• [EvansB89a] Evan, Blair "Method of and apparatus for sensing the location such as coordinates of designated points on an electrically sensitive touch-screen surface", US Patent 4,806,709, February 21, 1989
  Modification of capacitive sheet touchpad to use separated point electrodes to shape field, less aberration. Measurements are made among electrodes, rather than to ground. Can determine position outside the area of the electrodes. Refers to variations in moisture content of finger causing errors in capacitive reading. "Stylus including a finger". Cited by ZhangY17a relating to electrical impedance tomography touchscreens. Cites to reference with touchscreen as "on-screen digitizer".
• [EventoffFN89a] Eventoff, Franklin N. "Digitizer Pad", US Patent 4,810,992, March 7, 1989
  Resistive grid digitizer with force/pressure sensing, using a pressure sensitive layer between the two grids. One grid conductive, one grid resistive with resistance gradient. Grid need not be orthogonal, shows circular and trapezoidal grids. Resistance modified by composition of layer. Touchscreen == graphics display tablet.
• [Evergreen90] Evergreen Technologies "Gestures product announcement", Jeffrey Siegel, Fox Chapel Center, Suite 401, 19751 Frederick Road, Germantown, Maryland 20874, personal correspondence, March 12, 1990
  Handwriting (adaptive?) character recognition product, gesture interfaces?
• [Exos90] EXOS Inc. "Dexterous Hand Master exoskeleton product information", August 1990. 8 Blanchard Road, Burlington, MA 01803, 617-229-2075
  Data-glove, mechanical version, n-dimensional pointing device including Polhemus 3-D digitizer.
• [Faggin89] Faggin, Federico, and Lynch, Gary S. "Brain Learning and Recognition Emulation Circuitry and Method of Recognizing Events", US Patent 4,802,103, January 31, 1989
  Neural net patent: Synaptics? Successive stages of recognition thresholds set for neural nets learning. Includes neural net feature to resolve mis-recognized patterns confused with a pattern already learned. Press announcement and description of IBM prototype signature verification system.
• [FearingRS90a] Fearing, Ronald S. "Tactile Sensing Mechanisms", Int'l. Jnl. of Robotics Research, pp. 3..23, vol 8 no 3, June, 1990, DOI: 10.1177/027836499000900301
  artificial skin / cylindrical (curved) tactile sensor with localization of points of contact: multi-touch via array sensor. Shows X/Y grid with rows and columns of conductive strips, (mutual) capacitance measured at junctions/nodes.
• [FellowsGL89a] Fellows, Gerald L. and Freivalds, Andris "The use of force sensing resistors in ergonomic tool design", Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, October 16-20, 1989, Denver Colorado, pp 713-717
  Pressure/force sensors for hand-tools (drills, hammers, etc.): also stylus? Compare with FSR touchscreens.
• [FlemingSS90a] Fleming, S. S. "IBM 384381 Fleming Architecture for Separate User-Interface Software Development", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, DA890-0063 JHB, Vol 33 No. 6A, November 1990 pp. 483-485
  Separation of user-interface from application, messages send to application from action bars (menus) or pop-up windows (pop-up menus).
• [FoksJ90a] Foks, Jack "Technology and open learning", Proc. OLNT'90, Australian Society for Educational Technology
  Overview of on-line teaching/instruction systems ca. 1990. Describes Wang Freestyle as delayed communication/messaging system, point-to-point and point-to-multipoint (electronic annotation).
• [FoleyJD90a] Foley, James D.; vn Dam, Andries; Feiner, Steven K.; and Hughes, John F. "Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, 1990 Edition", Addison-Wesley, 1995 (hardcopy book)
  Computer graphics reference, 1990.
• [FooteB89a] Foote, Brian "Class Warfare: Classes vs. Prototypes", Workshop on Objects without Classes, OOPSLA '90, New Orleans, LA
  Discussion of classless prototype-based languages, including Smalltalk and SELF. No description of development environments.
• [FrancikE89a] Francik, Ellen and Akagi, Kenichi "Designing a computer pencil and tablet for handwriting", Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, October 16-20, 1989, Denver Colorado, pp 445-449
  Design of WANG Freestyle tablet and stylus: taper, length, comparison of human factors of tablets. Gives samples of types of writing for tablet and stylus design. Freestyle stylus was engineered to look and feel like a pencil, with an "eraser" button (colored pink) on the rear end of the stylus. Tablet digitizer itself was electromagnetic, designed by Hitachi.
• [FranksCI89a] Franks, Christopher I. "Foot Pressure Measurement System", US Patent 4,858,621, August 22, 1989
  Optical touchpad using critical light reflection (FTIR frustrated total internal reflection?), reflective material on top of glass or transparent plate. Forms images of contact of heel, sole, toes on surface (compare with multi-touch images in Westerman, Rekimoto?). Amount of light escaping proportional to pressure, viewed from underside by video capture digitizer. Background threshold level baseline for ambient light, specific pressure ranges: feedback displayed in different colors.
• [Fujitsu89a] Wikipedia.org "Fujitsu Poquet PC", http://wikipedia.org, fetched 2017
  Fujitsu Poquet PC with aggressive power management, power turned off between keystrokes (see files?). Standard MS-DOS.
• [FujiwaraA89a] Fujiwara, A.; Takenouchi, M. and Shimizu, M. "Character Recognition Apparatus", US Patent 4,813,078, March 14, 1989
  Optical character recognition for typed Kana using direction codes / chain codes of outer perimeter to compare best matches of lengths of segments.
• [FukuiM90a] Fukui, Minoru and Kataoka, Naoki "Deformation sensitive electroconductive knitted or woven fabric and deformation sensitive electroconductive device comprising the same", European Patent EP0206450B1, July 11, 1990
  Woven/knitted fabric electroconductive touch sensor for hand writing tablet. Also stretch sensitive, deformation/bending sensitive sensor. Cites to pressure-sensitive rubber for tablets/touchpads, electroconductive weaves as patterned electromagnetic mesh shields.
• [GTCO89a] GTCO Corporation "CalComp 9500 Digitizer Series: User's Guide", GTCO Corp., 1989
  CalComp/GTCO 9500 digitizer with Pressure Pen stylus: senses tip force, not pressure: electromagnetic / magnetic coupling, stylus is transmitter. Includes software to use tip sensor as switch, with adjustable minimum force threshold for transmitting pressures/touches. Adjust adjustable maximum: pressure/force values are normalized to range, affect dynamic pressure change sensitivity.
• [GarwinRL89a] Garwin, R. L. and Levine, J. L. "IBM TDB: Light-Sensitive Pen to Substitute for Finger in Laser Scanned Touch Screen", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, vol 32 no 3B, pp. 435..436, 1989 (partial copy)
  High-resolution optical tablet using two laser scanners, photo-sensor on tip of stylus. Alternatively retro-reflector on stylus.
• [GarwinRL89b] Garwin, R. L.; Levine, J. L.; and Schappert, Michael A. "Acoustic Contact Sensor for Handwritten Computer Input", US Patent 4,845,684, July 4, 1989
  Acoustic tablet using ultrasonic sound source (or sensor) in stylus as contact sensor instead of tip switch. Mentions using friction/rubbing noise from stylus instead. Mentions palm-rejection problem of SAW surface acoustic wave devices, since inadvertent touch on tablet also absorbs acoustic signal.
• [GaverWW89a] Gaver, W. W. "The SonicFinder: An interface that uses auditory icons", Human-Computer Interaction, Vol 4 No 1, 1989, pp 67-94
  Add sound effects / auditory feedback to events in graphical user interface: trash sound when putting something into trash can, etc. Symbolic == beep, metaphorical == music, iconic == trash sound. Mentions utility for visually impaired, as well as other users.
• [GeiserG89a] Geiser, Georg "Handprinted Data Entry with a Touch-Sensitive Numeric Keypad", Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, October 16-20, 1989, Denver Colorado, pp 305-308
  Handwriting character recognition using a calculator's 5x5 (3x3 plus spaces between) keypad (similar to some Japanese calculator products): instead of double keying for alphabetics on a small calculator. Compare with Lucent/Microsoft touchpad calculator. Claims "very low" error rate: but unknown, does not say what the rate was. Shows number of variants/variations considered for handwriting recognition of single characters is NOT combinatorial.
• [GiordanoAG89a] Giordano, Albert G. and Disney, Christine "Desktop Dictionary of Information Systems Technology", Longman Group, 1989 (hardcopy book)
  Technical dictionary of computer terms 1989.
• [GonzalezRC89a] Gonzalez, Rafael C. and Jerrera, Juan A. "Apparatus for Reading a License Plate", US Patent 4,817,166, March 28, 1989
  Features on license plates are edges, contours, height, width, topline and baseline, structural analysis, templates once the state (and therefor font) are known.
• [Goolsbey89] Goolsbey, Michael A.; Jones, Eugene R.; Micka, William F.; and Robinson, Thomas, S. "Locating Individual Images in a Field for Recognition or the Like", US Patent 4,817,186, March 28, 1989
  Hardware to segment separate typed (handwritten?) characters for OCR recognition.
• [GouldJD90a] Gould, John D.; Greene, Sharon L.; Boies, Stephen, J.; Meluson, Antonia; and Rasamny, Marwan "Using a touchscreen for simple tasks", Interacting with Computers, vol 2 no 1, April 1990 , pp 59..74, Oxford University Press, Inc.
  Study of on-screen virtual/soft keyboard on touchscreen. Autocompletion very helpful, speed improvement tracks to total number of touches required for task.
• [Graphonomics89] International Graphonomics Society "Membership directory, Graphonomics", April 1989, c/o Department of Experimental Psychology, Univ. Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
  Index of researchers in handwriting analysis, signature verification, and character recognition.
• [GratkeNG89a] Gratke, Norman G. "Capacitance membrane switchcore with intertrace capacitive coupling and/or intratrace capacitive coupling", US Patent 4,857,684, August 15, 1989
  Capacitive (non-switch-contact) keyboard with driving and sensing rows and columns, multiple keys may be depressed simultaneously. multi-touch capable?
• [GreenM90] Green, Mark, and Jacob, Robert "SIGGRAPH '90 Workshop Report: Software Architectures and Metaphors for Non-WIMP User Interfaces", Computer Graphics, Vol 25 No 3, July 1991
  UI/GUI design beyond pointing devices such as mouse and/or stylus digitizer: using gaze, sound, body motion: also gesture?
• [Greenstein89] Greenstetin, Joel S. and Baijal, Anish "An Investigation of Techniques for Occasional Numeric Data Entry", Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, October 16-20, 1989, Denver Colorado, pp 310-314
  User-interface review of numeric keypad with mouse, multiple menus, sliders, clickers, simultaneous menus, used as substitute for a touchscreen: compare with Lucent/Microsoft materials. Reference to Quest Automation in 1970's as earlier handwriting recognition product.
• [GregoryWD89a] Gregory, William D. "Frequency dependent identification of materials", US Patent 4,881,024, November 14, 1989
  Capacitive sensing of material by measuring capacitance change at different frequencies, also change in phase. Electrode is segmented in 64-segment grid to measure different regions of object under test: allows profiles of classes of objects to check for internal structure / location of internal sub-objects. Also check Zimmerman 1995, Matias 2012.
• [GridPad89a] Grid Systems "Getting Started with GRiDForm", Grid Systems Corp., September 1989 (hardcopy manual)
  Grid OS (on DOS) for tablet computer with handwriting recognition. Same binder as Program Development Manual.
• [GridPad89b] Grid Systems "GRiDPAD Program Development Manual", Grid Systems Corp., September 1989 (hardcopy manual)
  DOS-based tablet computer: Form definition graphical user interface. Allows for varying sizes of elements (radio buttons, etc.) Handwriting recognition context by subset / range/set of characters via HwrEnableChars. Returns list of possible characters with metric of certainty. P. 3-38 input from Pencept Penpad (but Grid has own handwriting recognition TSR?). Static buffers for tablet data, estimate 25 points/character (HwPInitialize). Same binder as Getting Started with GRiDForm.
• [GridPad89c] Grid Systems "GRiDPAD A breakthrough in portable computing", Grid Systems Corp., September 1989
  Sales brochure with hardware specs (not software) for GridPad slate-style pen computer.
• [GridPad89d] Computergram International "Grid's GridPad handheld takes handprint data entry", Computergram International, October 2, 1989, no 1275
  BYTE magazine gives award to GridPad product: compare 1985 award to PenPad. Additional GridPad information in file. GridPad 1910 ruggedized tablet computer, etc. One source cites GRiD Compass 1101 as "The first Clamshell Laptop", but it was predated by the DG/1 from Data General running MS/DOS.
• [GridPad89e] Computer Chronicles "Computer Chronicles: Portable Computers (1989)", Computer Chronicles video 1989
  News presentation on portable computers, including touchscreen/pen computers: GridPad, Poqet PC, Dynabook 286, etc. Pre-Newton. Compare with GO / PenPoint. Shows laptop with built-in cellular phone.
• [GridPad89f] GridPad "GRiDPad Technical Specifications", www.oldcomputers.net/gridpad.html, 1989
  GridPad tablet computer technical specifications, includes information page from computer museum. Stylus attached. Resistive finger-touch touchscreen?
• [GridPad90a] BYTE "The BYTE awards (important products and technologies)", Byte magazine, January 1990, vol 15 no. 1, p. 285. -- GRiD System's GRiDPad, Lotus Magellan, Zenith MinisPort, Poqet PC, etc.
• [GridPad90b] Grid Corporation "GridPAD PadBase+ Training Course", course description, April 11, 1990, provided by Robert Artusy, R2Z Inc., 39120 Argonaut Way, Suite 319, Fremont, California 94538
  GridPAD user-interface with stylus, training. Correspondence includes list of features to be used for punctuation marks, handwriting prototype base forms and shapes.
• [GrossbergS89a] Grossberg, Steven and Mingolla, Ennio "Neural Networks for Machine Vision", US Patent 4,803,736, February 7, 1989
  Boundary/edge/curve contour, feature contour, and object recognition in machine vision.
• [GuinierD90a] Guinier, Daniel "Identification by Biometrics: An introduction and a survey", SIGSAC Preview, Summer 1990
  Essay/review of biometrics more reliably than passwords for authentication. Discusses Fingerprints, Retina vascularisation pattern, Voice, Geometry of the hand, Dynamics of signature authentication, Keyboard latencies, Genetic fingerprinting. Discussion of Type 1 (false identification/authentication) and Type II (false rejection) errors. Cites to 1988 smart cards combined with signature verification.
• [GuiseDA89a] Guise, Dario A. "Efficient Frame Systems", Proc. EPIA '89 4th Portuguese Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 39-50
  Description of Garnet UIMS user interface management system, with color management.
• [GuoZ89a] Guo, Z. and Hall, R. W. "Parallel Thinning with Two-Subiteration Algorithms", CACM, Vol 32 No 3, March, 1989, pp 359-373
  Skeletonization/line-thinning using four compass directions, which preserves line connectedness.
• [HaarslevV90a] Haarslev, Volker and Moeller, Ralf "A Framework for Visualizing Object-Oriented Systems", Proc. ECOOP/OOPSLA '90, October 21-25 1990, pp. 237-244
  Separating application and visualization in user-interface UIMS for automatic visualization of class hierarchies and graphs. Lisp/X-Windows, cites to visual programming.
• [HaberS90a] Haber, Stuart and Stornetta, W. Scott "How to Time-Stamp a Digital Document", Proc. CRYPTO '90 10th Ann. Intl. Cryptology Conf. on Advances in Cryptology, pp. 437-455
  Digital time-stamping (certificate of date signed/existence of document) by time service signing hash of document and time value. Also forward-chaining of timestamps (hash of previous document) to prevent collusion of timestamp service to falsify record. Also in Journal of Cryptology Vol 3 no 2 pp 99-111, 1991.
• [HallRW89a] Hall, R. W. "Fast Parallel Thinning Algorithms: Parallel Speed and Connectivity Preservation", CACM, Vol 32 No 1, January 1989, pp 123-131
  Robert M Harlick is editor for many CACM OCR line-thinning articles. OCR handwriting line thinning algorithm which does NOT eliminate diagonal lines.
• [HarnadS90a] Harnad, S. "The symbol grounding problem", CNLS Conf. on Emergent Computation, Los Alamos, May 1989. Also Physica D 42: pp. 335-346
  Cited in MartinGL90. Relating abstract symbols to actual objects: relating symbols to symbols -- learning Chinese from a Chinese language dictionary alone. symbol system vs. semantics.
• [HauptmannAG89a] Hauptmann, Alexander G. "Speech and Gesture for Graphic Image Manipulation", Proc. CHI '89, May 1989, pp. 241-245
  Wizard-of-Oz simulation of gesture/speech interface to computer, using three-dimensional 3D multiple hand and finger gestures. Mentions Rolky and Lee multi-touch input devices for prototypes.
• [HayashiY90a] Hayashi, Y.; Sakata, M.; Nakao, T.; Ohno, T. and Ohhashi, S. "Alphanumeric character recognition using a connectionist model with the pocket algorithm", Proc. Intl. Joint Conf. on Neural Networks, Washington, DC, June 18-22, 1990, Vol II p. 606 (abstract only)
  OCR for a single font using neural networks. However, says using "structure information" between characters that closely resemble each other (pairwise comparison? Compare with confusion matrix.).
• [HenryTR90] Henry, Tyson R.; Hudson, Scott E.; and Newell, Gary L. "Integrating Gesture and Snapping into a User Interface Toolkit", in in UIST'90 (1990), ACM, pp 112-122
  "X" cross-out gesture to delete; alphabetic gestures in a special "gesture area" on the tablet -- compare with Pencept PenPad?
• [HigginsCA90a] Higgins, Colin L. and Duckworth, R. James "The PAD (Ped And Display) - A Demonstrator for the Electronic Paper Project", Computer Processing of Handwriting, World Scientific Publishing, 1990, pp. 111-131
  Electronic Paper Project EPP prototype of integrated tablet and display. Compare with IBM PLI Paper-Like Interface. Refers to parallax problems of touchscreen digitizer. Touchscreen (Scriptel: some parallax problems) used with Apple MacIntosh and MacWrite instead of mouse.
• [HildebrandTK89a] Hildebrand, Thoms K. and Stein, Norbert J. "Electronic book for reading textual information from an electronic medium / Elektronisches Buch zum Lesen literaturartiger Informationen aus einem elektronischen Medium", European Patent EP 0337401 A2, October 18, 1989 (in German)
  Electronic book system with flat display, touch-display-screen interface: touching a word or other element in text displays additional relevant information, boolean search expressions.
• [HollerbachJM89a] Hollerbach, John M. "Robot Hands and Tactile Sensing", "AI in the 1980s and Beyond: an MIT Survey", MIT Press, 1989, pp. 317..341
  Review of specific experimental projects on tactile sensing for robotic manipulators/hands in 1980s. Cites to touch sensing and prosthetics as related. Section on Tactile sensors: conductive rubber, capacitive, piezoelectric, fiber-optic. Capacitive touch sensors to 8x8 array. Conductive rubber doped with conductive particles (carbon, silver, nickel). Arrays of ring electrodes with resistance change due to compression force. "Zebra" layered conductive rubber: "Purbrick" sensor array.
• [HorowitzP89a] Horowitz, Paul and Hill, Winfield "The Art of Electronics, 2nd Edition", Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989
  Upper level college textbook on analog circuit design. Resistive, voltage, temperature, magnetic (Hall effect) sensors. Nothing on capacitive sensors per se, but capacitive feedback on op-amps. General definition of transducer.
• [HorowitzSL89a] Horowitz, Steven L. "Method and Apparatus for Generating Size and Orientation Invariant Shape Features", US Patent 4,802,230, January 31, 1989
  Character recognition, OCR, statistical decision tree. OCR using features of six bounding rectangles at different angles, translated to direction (chain?) codes, Fourier transforms, autocorrelations, moments, centroid of largest hole and center of character.
• [HsiehAJ90a] Hsieh, A. J.; Kunk, S. J.; Shiau, S. L.; Kao, M. C. and Chen, J. W. "An Experimental System for Stroke-number Free On-line Chinese Character Recognition", in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, C. Y. Suen, editor, Proc. Conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Concordia Univ., Montreal Canada, April 2-3, 1990, pp 73-86
  Taiwanese efforts on both OCR and on-line Chinese character recognition: 5401 characters x 23 people x 10 samples each OCR, 5401 x 23 people (mixed) on-line data base collection. Later came by to visit Wang: part of five-year project, 9 people OCR, 5 on-line, first year is "find out everything there is to know".
• [HubbyLM89a] Hubby, Laurence M. "Flat Panel Display with Integrated Digitizing Tablet", US Patent 4,873,398, October 10, 1989
  Optical digitizing tablet integrated with a flat (flat front surface CRT?) display. Light is emitted by the stylus, projected back through the same optical path used for projecting the image on the front surface (?), thus ensuring position has high accuracy/registration to the image (no parallax errors). Cites to Scriptel, Tappert flat display, micro-lens arrays.
• [HudsonSE90a] Hudson, Scott E. "Adaptive Semantic Snapping -- A Technique for Semantic Feedback at the Lexical Level", Proc. CHI '90, April 1990, pp. 65..70
  Snap-to to improve pointing in user interface (Visual Programming): combination of snap-to grid and gravity snap when dragging objects, plus consideration of whether snap-to point is lexically/semantically permitted for making a connection. Mentions hiding processing time for semantic processing based on human sensitivity / not noticing slight delays by using "excess" time in very rapid/simple snaps, pre-calculating semantic information for nearby objects. Callback functions on snapped-to object for highlighting/semantic feedback when it is snapped-to, or when connection is broken (i.e. explicitly by user, or by dragging object).
• [HullJJ90a] Hull, Jonathan J.; Commike, A.; and Ho, T. K. "Multiple Algorithms for Handwritten Character Recognition", in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, C. Y. Suen, editor, Proc. Conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Concordia Univ., Montreal Canada, April 2-3, 1990, pp 117-130
  OCR for handwritten Zip codes, address blocks. Description of IBM signature verification system at Federal Reserve.
• [HurstJ89a] Hurst, Jan (chair); Mahoney, Michael S.; Taylor, Norman H.; Ross, Douglas T.; and Fano, Robert M. "Retrospectives: The Early Years in Computer Graphics at MIT, Lincoln Lab and Harvard", SIGGRAPH '90 Panel Proc., pp. 19-38, 39-73 (two parts)
  Light gun (light cannon) invented 1949 on Project Whirlwind. Origin of term "kludge".
• [IBM89a] Federal Computer Week "Smart signatures at FED: Net Prototype uses Biometrics, Smart Cards", Federal Computer Week, May 22, 1989, Page 1
  Cited in NRC91a, and Microsoft/Lucent: handwritten signatures / signature verification.
• [IBM89b] IBM Corp. Research Division, press release "IBM Writing Interface May Replace Typing", spokesperson Gerald Present, September 1989, 914-945-3884
  Description of IBM's "paperlike interface" user interface.
• [IBM90a] IBM Corp. "IBM TDB: Function-independent Approach to Driving Soft Keyboard", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol 33 No 4, September 1990 pp. 159-ff (partial copy)
  Soft/virtual keyboard using touchscreen on separate display: compare with Kaplow, Knowlton. Keyboard images and configuration can be changed for application, driver implementation.
• [IBM90b] IBM Corp. "Method of Providing On-Screen Keyboard for Touch-Sensitive Systems Without Affecting Application Programs", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol 33 No 5, October 1990 pp. 320-ff
  Pen-computing driver generates keyboard input from handwriting and gestures, work with existing applications. Compare with PenCept ca. 1986, CIC.
• [IBM90c] IBM Corp. "IBM TDB: Pressure-Sensitive Icons", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol 33 No 13, June 1990 pp. 222-ff (partial copy)
  Pressure-sensitive touchscreen: show visual feedback on pressing by making the graphical image of a button look like it is being depressed. Mentions pressure level for speed of scrolling.
• [IBM90d] IBM Corp. "IBM TDB: Mouse Ball-Actuating Device with Force and Tactile Feedback", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol 32 No 9b, February 1990 pp. 230..235
  Haptic/tactile friction feedback in a mouse, using a second mouse ball /wheel (or first, if optical mouse) with computer-controlled braking force. Suggested uses are simulated path boundaries/detent, stability of the hand, path-of-least-resistance in line tracing in CAD/CAM. Also mentions audio/vibration clicker to simulate roughness/texture, crossing a boundary (compare: detent?), error conditions: rate of clicking to indicate scale. Vibration actuator can produce clicks (compare: displacement feedback?)
• [IEEE90a] IEEE "IEEE Standard Computer Dictionary: Compilation of IEEE Standard Computer Glossaries", IEEE, 1990
  IEEE Computer dictionary: standard reference. A bit hardware oriented.
• [IEEE90b] IEEE "IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology", IEEE Std 610.12-1990, September 28, 1990
  IEEE Computer dictionary/glossary: standard reference. More software oriented.
• [IMCS90] International Machine Control Systems "MousePen product literature", January 1990. 1332 Vendels Circle, Paso Robles, California 93446. 1-805-239-8976
  Stylus-shaped mouse with mechanical trackball: substitute for a tablet?
• [IbamotoM90a] Ibamoto, Masahiko; Shimada, Satosi; Ohyama, Shinji; Sato, Manabu; Kuzunuki, Soshiro; and Kano, Mitsunari "Liquid Crystal Display combined with Signal Input Tablet", US Patent 4,945,348, July 31, 1990
  Transparent electromagnetic tablet in front of rear-projected (?) display, classified by USPTO as touchscreen.
• [ImpedovoS90a] Impedovo, S.; Castellano, M.; Pirlo, G. and Dimauro, G. "An Off-line Writer Identification System Based on a Syntactic Approach", in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, C. Y. Suen, editor, Proc. Conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Concordia Univ., Montreal Canada, April 2-3, 1990, pp 53-64
  Like signature verification, but using regular hand printing (a nothing paper, looks like they had to change horses from adaptive handwriting recognition in mid-stream).
• [IndustrialEE89] Industrial Electronic Engineers Inc. "Pixie Graphic LCD Switch keyboard product literature", 1989, 7740 Lemona Ave, Van Nuys, CA 91409, 818-787-0311
  User-interface item: keys with individual graphic LCD displays in the key top for relabeling the keys.
• [InfoWorld90a] Krohn, Nico "Scenario Demonstrates Pen-Based Input System", InfoWorld, April 16, 1990 p. 8
  Scenario Dynawriter tablet/display for PC with handwriting recognition: compare with CIC, PenCept, Paper-Like Interface of IBM, Sklarew. Mentions GridPad.
• [InfoWorld90b] Krohn, Nico "IBM Will License Go's Pen-Based OS for Laptops", InfoWorld, July 23, 1990 p. 1
  IBM to license Penpoint operating system from GO, plans to test in 150 user sites. Portable to different architectures. Response on Pen Windows from Microsoft.
• [InformationToday90a] Information Today "The UnMouse for PCs from MicroTouch", Information Today, vol 7 no 10, November 1990, p. 44
  MicroTouch UnMouse touchpad with absolute, mouse, and trackball modes.
• [IwataH90a] Iwata, Hiroo "Artificial reality with force-feedback: development of desktop virtual space with compact master manipulator", Proc. SIGGRAPH '90, Dallas TX, August 6..10, 1990, Computer Graphics, vol 24 no 4, August 1990, pp. 165..170
  Full-hand (not arm) force feedback using multiple actuators, octahedral actuators for manipulating 3D virtual objects in artificial reality.
• [JackelLD89a] Jackel, L. D. "VLSI Technology and Neural Network Chips", Tutorial Notes No 8, Intl. Joint Conf. on Neural Networks, Washington DC, June 18-22, 1989
  Contains examples of neural nets for handwritten numerals recognition in OCR.
• [JacksonSC90a] Jackson, Scott C. "Touch Screen Overlay with Improved Conductor Durability", US Patent 4,931,782, June 5, 1990
  Touchscreen with resilient layer as spacer (instead of dots) between two grid layers of ITO. ITO known as brittle ceramic, cracks under tensile/bending forces.
• [JellinekHD90a] Jellinek, Herbert D. and Card, Stuart K. "Powermice and User Performance", Proc. CHI '90, April 1990, pp. 213..220
  Study of powermice (mouse with velocity gain depending on speed of user input) for scrolling etc. Powermouse gain has no improvement on accuracy or pointing, more likely to be addressing problem of larger displays and smaller desk working area.
• [JensenPS89a] Jensen, Paul S. "Data Entry System", US Patent 4,836,700, June 6, 1989
  Single hand chord typing keyboard, 10 keys, combined with mouse (actually force/pressure sensitive joystick mechanism, using spring-loaded switches as force sensors). Cites to Microwriter, Writehander products for chord keyboards.
• [JohnsonJ89] Johnson, J.; Roberts, T. L.; Verplank, W.; Smith, D. C.; Irby, C. H.; Beard, M. and Mackey, K. "The Xerox Star: A Retrospective", IEEE Computer, Vol 22 No 9, September, 1989, pp 11-28
  User-interface description of the development of the Xerox Star desktop paradigm, now called ViewPoint (originally on Alto computer). Xerox Star original desktop direct-manipulation user-interface intended only for casual users. Desktop metaphor for user interface is intended for office applications an publishing, not software developments (tools based). Direct-manipulation desktop user interface (no processing on files per se) is orthogonal to tools-based user interface (UNIX/SunView Windows: any file can be operated on by any tool, even if not sensical). Clean user-interface lies more in Xerox Star details, not in features. Mouse pointing input must be handled at low-level by system to prevent jerkiness, jumps, dead time as the system degrades: these (mouse or tablet or whatever) are eye-hand co-ordination devices. One-button mouse (or tablet stylus) vs. two-button: fewer button confusion errors, but more increased selection errors. Overlapped-windows cause users to spend time adjusting windows so they don't overlap: just use tiled windows to begin with (if the display is 17-inches large). Xerox Star: cites user-interface work by many others using graphical/sketch input, Xerox View Point.
• [JohnstonJP89a] Johnston, James P. and Russell, Donald L. "Information Display and Entry Device", US Patent 4,814,760, March 21, 1989
  Patent on integrated tablet and display (touchscreen) for a dynabook/electronic-ink. Tablet is capacitive, flexible/resilient layer surface on top can be pressed closer by stylus to capacitive sensor pad below, increasing capacitance. X/Y matrix grid of sensors. Also mentions detecting a change in resistance (impedance). Appears to measure each grid point separately (multi-touch?).
• [JonesD89a] Jones, D.; Hapeshi, K.; and Frankish, C. "Design guidelines for speech recognition interfaces", Applied Ergonomics, Vol 20 No 1, March 1989, pp 47-52
  Issues of user-interface design for task-specific, limited speech recognition: Syntax (context) has profound effects on speech variability, so design user-interface to minimize effects. Very important to collect samples (speech) in context for training: phonetic, semantic, and personal stress context affect variability.
• [JonesSV89a] Jones, Stacy V. "Bell System Develops Blackboard Which Displayes Notes Via Phone", Sarasota Herald-Tribue, Sunday November 19, 1978, p. 4-A
  Press announcement of Torok remote whiteboard, using standard phone lines. See US patent 4,125,743.
• [Jourjine89] Jourjine, Alexander N. "Microprocessor Assemblies Forming Adaptive Neural Networks", US Patent 4,809,193, February 28, 1989
  Cellular automaton for neural nets, using radiated energy coupling between separate microprocessors.
• [Jourjine90] Jourjine, Alexander N. "Variable capacity transmission medium", US Patent 4,967,369, October 30, 1990
  Neural net establishing correlation between signals by exchange of random codes.
• [JoyceR90a] Joyce, Rick and Gupta, Gopal "Identity authentication based on keystroke latencies", CACM Vol 33 No 2, February 1990, pp. 168-176
  Keyboard latency (biometric) to authenticate (verify identity of) user, handwritten signature shapes for signature verification. Cites to Rand 1980, but not to Saltzer 1975.
• [KahnRE89a] Kahn, Robert E. et al "Knowbots in the Real World", Workshop on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in a Digital Library System, May 18..19, 1989, Corporation for National Research Initiatives
  Early workshop on DRM digital rights management: focus on embedding (attaching) rights (and payment terms) information in electronic document objects, ensuring payment, control of what rights could be passed on / re-sold by recipient. "Knowbot": intelligent program capable of moving with objects from one system to another, exchanging message with other knowbots, carrying out wishes of the user (author? original owner of object?).
• [Katsurada89] Katsurada, Morihiro "Method of a System for Analyzing Characters", US Patent 4,811,412, March 7, 1989
  Segment/parse character from right and left, see if they match, if they don't, try templates.
• [Katt90] Katt, Spencer F. (pseudonym) "Microsoft über alles?", PC Week, April 16, 1990, page 182
  "Rumor Central": Microsoft conference in Canada, microsoft starting development of Windows-based operating system for handwriting recognition, to compete with GRiD and Go Corporation, estimated release is 12 to 18 months.
• [KawakamiY90a] Kawakami, Yasushi; Obata, Fukue; Makihara, Kayoko; Shiro, Yamada; Morimoto, Yoshinari et al "Data processing device with screen separated into line format area and data display area", US Patent 4,897,804, January 30, 1990
  Text-input recognition area on tablet, data can be moved into regular display area.
• [KayA89a] Kay, Alan "User Interface: A Personal View", in "multiMedia: From Wagner to Virtual Reality", W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 2001, pp 121..131
  Alan Kay essay on user interfaces. Includes historical notes on Dynabook and personal computers: no pen/tablet on Dynabook, but on earlier FLEX machine.
• [KellyW90a] Kelly, William "Sparking Stylus for Acoustic Digitizer", US Patent 4,891,474, January 2, 1990
  SAC Science Accessories Corporation sparking stylus for acoustic/sonic tablet digitizer.
• [Kensington89] Kensington Microware, Turbo "Mouse trackball product literature", Kensingon Microware, 1989. 251 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10010
  Mouse/digitizer trackball replacement products.
• [Khotanzad90] Khotanzad, Alireza and Hong, Yaw Hua "Rotation invariant image recognition using features selected via a systematic method", Pattern Recognition, Vol 23 No 10, October 1990, pp 1089-1102
  Character recognition (OCR) using rotation-invariant features - Zernike moments (what about "E" and "W"?). Rotation-invariant OCR: 84% on numeric handprinted characters, 16,550 samples, 99% on "clean" alphabetics. Numeric handprinting OCR samples from Recognition Equipment, Inc. Claims 84% correct recognition rate is very effective.
• [KingRN90a] King, Robert N. and Behling, Gerald R. "Perforated Glue Through Films", US Patent 4,954,383, September 4, 1990
  Resistive sheet metalized films. Perforations permit glue-through to increase strength and durability, perforations also adjust conductivity/sheet resistance, different sheet resistance by factor of 4 to 10 in different areas. Holes can be 90% open area. Can be on polycarbonate (transparent).
• [KinnucanP89a] Kinnucan, P. "The Versatility of Graphics Tablets", Computer Graphics Review, Vol 4 No 7, July 1989, pp 44-52
  Simple-minded overview/review article on digitizer technologies.
• [KnightLW89a] Knight, Leland, W. and Retter, Dale "Datahand: Design, Potential Performance, and Improvements in the Computer Keyboard and Mouse", Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, October 16-20, 1989, Denver Colorado, pp 450-454
  Two handed mouse/keyboard user-interface combination, using the "Datahand" product. Keys are divided between the two hands, each of which is in a mouse-like movable housing.
• [Koezuka89] Koezuka, T.; Tsukahara, H.; Nakashima, M. "Pattern Matching Method and Apparatus", US Patent 4,805,224, February 14, 1989
  Video pattern matching recognition using two-dimensional extracted image from frame buffer.
• [KondoS89a] Kondo, Shozo "A Model of Handwriting Process and Stroke-Structure of Character-Figures", Computer Recognition and Human Production of Handwriting, World Scientific Publ. Co., 1989, pp. 103..118
  Model for handwriting text generation: character written as combination of radicals, radicals composed of standardized strokes. Strokes are continuous curves within connected writing, separated at cusps / discontinuities / sharp angles. "Merging distortion" / "smoothing distortion": at sharp angles, transition from small loop to cusp ("independent connection") to reversed curve -- does not discuss role of tablet data filtering on smoothing.
• [KoteraH89a] Kotera, Hiroshi; Sakai, Yshinori; Unemoto, Kazuo; and Arikawa, Tomohiko "Design of Audiographic Teleconferencing Terminal", Electronics and Communications in Japan, Part I, vol 72 no 3, 1989, pp. 10..18 (Denshi Joho Tsushin Ronbunshi, vol 72 no 6, June 1989, pp. 646..653)
  Data-under-voice teleconferencing whiteboard. Can show documents transmitted in advance, emphasis on random search of documents, sequential search within documents, reduced documents (compare with Wang Freestyle thumbnails?). Both transparent tablets (touchscreen) and separate tablets. Commands by transparent virtual keys/buttons on display.
• [KreifeldtJG89a] Kreifeldt, J. G.; Levine, S. L.; and Iyengar, C. "Reduced Keyboard Designs using Disambiguation", Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, October 16-20, 1989, Denver Colorado, pp 441-444
  Stenotype-type user interface keyboard design: one key per finger, multiple characters per key.
• [KreinPT90a] Krein, Philip T. and Meadows, R. David "The Electroquasistatics of the Capacitive Touch Panel", IEEE Trans. on Industry Application, Vol. 26, No 3, May/June 1990, pp. 529-534
  Seems to be same as KreinPT88a: review of pin-cushion, wavy-line distortion and inaccuracies in resistive/capacitive touch panels and tablets using resistive sheets (ITO).
• [KruegerMW89a] Krueger, Myron W.; Hinrichsen, Katrin; and Gionfriddo, Thomas S. "Real time perception of and response to the actions of an unencumbered participant/user", US Patent 4,843,568, June 27, 1989
  Patent on Videoplace (Krueger). Video wall tracking of hand/fingers using contours of shadows in video image, including fingertip position. Compare to whiteboards?
• [KrzyzakA90a] Krzyzak, A.; Dai, W.; and Suen, C. Y. "Unconstrained Handwritten Character Classification Using Modified Backpropagation Model", in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, C. Y. Suen, editor, Proc. Conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Concordia Univ., Montreal Canada, April 2-3, 1990, pp 155-166
• [KuanCL89a] Kuan, C-C. L. and Srihari, S. N. "Analysis of handwritten text images using run-length based algorithms", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Recognition, to appear, 1989
  Cited in Taxt90.
• [KuhnHH89a] Kuhn, Hans H. and Kimbrell, William C. jr. "Method for making electrically conductive textile materials", US Patent 4,877,646, October 31, 1989
  Electrically conductive textile/fabric, soak fabric in solution to leave a conductive polymer on the fabric, superior to nano-particles of gold, silver, carbon black (compare: conductive rubber?). States that conductive fabrics well-known for some time. One application is electrostatic dissipation and electromagnetic shielding.
• [KulpJ90a] Kulp, James and John "Personal communication: telephone conversation", April 1990. SuperScript Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 617-876-0787
  Working on a portable handwriting recognition product (with forms). John Kulp says they are a Symbolics spin-off: CD-ROM portable box for manuals. Did their own elastic matching: not super happy with it (using lots of context helps).
• [KunduA89a] Kundu, Amlan; He, Yang; and Bahl, Paramvir "Recognition of Handwritten Words: First and Second Order Hidden Markov Model Based Approach", Pattern Recognition, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 283, 1989
  Cited by Marlin Eller, Microsoft Pen Computing group.
• [KuoWC90a] Kuo, Wen-Cheh; Lin, Chia-Hui; Chou, Te-Chang; Lian, Yuan-Hsiung "Touch-control Computer Mouse", US Patent 4,977,397, December 11, 1900
  Small touchpad mounted in a mouse-like housing, to plug into a mouse port. printed patent title miss-spells "mouse" as "house".
• [KurlanderD89a] Kurlander, David and Feiner, Steven "A Visual Language for Browsing, Undoing, and Redoing Graphical Interface Commands", Reprint from Visual Languages and Visual Programming, S. K. Chang ed.; Plenum Press, NY 1990, pp. 257-275
  Graphical/visual programming language, but really a graphical editor user interface for "undo" showing command history in small graphical snapshots (panels) of what the image looked like.
• [KurosawaY89a] Kurosawa, Y. "Pattern recognition apparatus with two-part reference storage", European Patent 335696, 1989
  Two-level OCR recognition using contours for one level, then detailed features for final resolution. Performs choice of matching pattern from among number of candidate standards preselected using partial characteristic data. Describes tablet template, side-menu touch buttons for tablet (user-interface). Kurta's cordless stylus/pen for a digitizing tablet.
• [Kurta89a] Kurta Corporation "Kurta IS/ONE, IS/ADB, and IS/TWO product description", Kurta Corp., 3007 East Chambers Road, Phoenix, Arizona 85040, 1989
  shows static templates GUI for picking commands in various applications.
• [Kurta89b] Kurta Corporation "PageMaker, FreeHand, and Persuasion just got easier to use", Kurta Corp., 3007 East Chambers Road, Phoenix, Arizona 85040, 1989
  on-tablet templates with command menus, QuickKeys scripting language for keyboard shortcuts.
• [KuzunukiS89a] Kuzunuki, Soshiro; Shojima, Hiroshi; Miura, Masaki; Mori, Junko and Mifune, Toshimi "Real Time Handwritten Character Input System", US Patent 4,860,372, August 22, 1989
  User interface on keyboard emulation with handwriting input: Ward85 handwriting keyboard emulation was cited as prior art (check US Patent category 382/13). Handwriting user interface: use a Times-square circular buffer for writing in, because written character are bigger than typed font.
• [LaLondeWR90a] LaLonde, Wilf R. and Pugh, John R. "Inside Smalltalk, Volume I", Prentice-Hall, 1990
  Smalltalk object-based programming system, object-based programming language (prototype-based?), graphical user interface with windows, and IDE. Multiple classes of number data types: float, integer, and pure fraction. Transparent windows and background using a two-bit pixel map -- black/white, transparent/opaque, with transparent/white combination declared value undefined: compare to bit/mask layers in V25 hardware on Wang Freestyle The Guide. BitBlt support. View==Window.
• [LacyME89a] Lacy, Mark E. "Artificial Laboratories", AI Magazine, Vol 10 No 2, 1989, pp. 43-48
  Artificial reality environment, mentions virtual switches and virtual slide switches in graphical user-interface UI: input is by a DataGlove in three dimensions: refers to hand movements instead of gestures -- pinch gesture shown?
• [LakinF89a] Lakin, Fred; Wambaugh, John; Leifer, Larry; Cannon, Dave; and Sivard, Cecilia "The electronic design notebook: performing medium and processing medium", The Visual Computer, 1989, no 5, pp. 214..226
  vmacs(vmax) Electronic Design Notebook, ease of sketching combined with processing of drawings. Engineering compared to music, creative and then production phases. See vmacs reference. Part of utility is ability for group sharing of individual sketches. Quotes Sutherland "It is only worthwhile to make drawings on a computer if you get something more out of the drawing than just a drawing.".
• [LandmeierWL89a] Landmeier, Waldo L. "Ink-on-Glass Digitizer Tablet and Method of Construction", US Patent 4,873,399, October 10, 1989
  Transparent touchscreen with spaced vertical conductive ink conductors on top surface of glass substrate, second set of horizontal conductors on bottom surface ITO? Transparent? Cites Rockwall patent on digitizer.
• [LeCunY90a] Le Cun, Y.; Boxer, B.; Denker, J. S.; Henderson, D.; Howard, R. E.; Hubbard, W.; Jackel, L. D.; and Baird, H. S. "Constrained Neural Network for Unconstrained Handwritten Digit Recognition", in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, C. Y. Suen, editor, Proc. Conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Concordia Univ., Montreal Canada, April 2-3, 1990, pp 145-154
  In his notes, claimed neural nets can learn feature on their own: actually, his net structure, pixel resolution, etc. determined the class of features. OCR of handwritten zip codes: segmentation, "bad" samples already done.
• [LeahyM90a] Leahy, Michale and Hix, Deborah "Effect of Touch Screen Target Location on User Accuracy", Proc. Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting, 1990, Orlando, FL, Technical Report TR 90-48
  Touchscreen (standing kiosk) targeting accuracy worse at bottom of touchscreen (compare?). Attributs X offsets to visual parallax, greater error at left and right sides.
• [LeeS89a] Lee, Seongwhan, and Kim, Jin H. "Unconstrained Seal Imprint Verification using Attributed Stroke Graph Matching", Pattern Recognition, Vol 22 No 6, 1989, pp 653-664
  Signature authentication for Chinese calligraphy: like signature verification, but for the stamps/seals used in oriental/Chinese countries. Spatial distributions of stroke skeletons: recognition independent of size/scale/magnification.
• [LegaultR90a] Legault, R.; Suen, C. Y. and Nadal, C. "Classification of Confusing Handwritten Numerals by Human Subjects", in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, C. Y. Suen, editor, Proc. Conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Concordia Univ., Montreal Canada, April 2-3, 1990, pp 181-194
  Similar to Shillman functional attribute experiments, using old zip-code samples. Contains some hypothesis on distinguishing features for handwritten numerals and human recognition.
• [LevineNA90a] Levine, Neil A. "Finger worn graphic interface device", US Patent 4,954,817, September 4, 1990
  Small touchpad (finger palette) worn on index finger, ring with bump for stylus dot worn on thumb. Touchpad can be worn while typing -- but not used concurrently with both hand typing.
• [LiHF89a] Li, H. F.; Pao, Derek and Jayakumar, R. "Improvements and Systolic Implementation of the Hough Transformation for Straight Line Segments", Pattern Recognition, Vol 22 No 6, 1989, pp 697-706
  Add contiguity check to Hough transform to find straight line features in a binary image: handles overlapping lines, short lines.
• [LiHF89b] Li, H. F.; Jayakumar, R. and Youssef, M. "Parallel algorithms for recognizing handwritten characters using shape features", Pattern Recognition, Vol 22 No 6, 1989, pp 641-652
  Static/OCR handwriting recognition: features are local shape, start and end points, edge types, and join relations in contours (digits only!). OCR for handwritten digits: 120 samples per digit. Handwriting OCR: twelve relations for contours: compare to combinatorial explosion in Ward88? chain codes via systolic array.
• [LinWC90a] Lin, Wen C. "CRC Handbook of digital System Design, 2nd Edition", CRC Press, 1990 (hardcopy book)
  Upper-level textbook on digital circuits and systems. More focus on physical device properties (analog properties / switching frequency / etc.).
• [LinnJ90a] Linn, John "Practical Authentication for Distributed Computing", Proc. 1990 IEEE Symp. on Research in Security and Privacy, Los Alamitos, California IEEE Computer Society, 1990 pp. 31..40
  Overview of DSSA Distributed System Security Architecture (DEC Digital Equipment Corporation): systems are able to trust each other because of PKI authentication of identity and integrity of messages. Identity certificates from a CA, also dynamic binding certificates between two parties for delegation of authority: compare with SSL protocol. Certificates used to authenticate software programs / software images during boot/loading.
• [LintonMA89a] Linton, Mark A.; Vlissides, John M.; and Calder, Paul R. "Composing User Interfaces with InterViews", IEEE Computer, February 1989, pp. 8-22
  UIMS (Garnet/Interactors) in C++, colors and appearance of UI defined in run-time calls to C++ classes, including color management, model is based on X toolkit. Multiple UIs for same application, UIs need not be entirely graphical.
• [LoganJD89a] Logan, Jame D. and Litvin, Yury "Touch Screen Computer-Operated Video Display Process and Apparatus", US Patent 4,821,029, April 11, 1989
  Touch screen UI: select a button or area, information is copied to a different window or area on the screen.
• [Logitech89] Logitech Corporation "LogiMouse C7 Technical Reference Manual", Logitech Corp., 1989
  Electronic digitizer tablet sold as a mouse replacement: emulates Microsoft Mouse data format, other tablets.
• [LudwigLF90a] Ludwig, Lester F.; Pincever, Natalio; and Cohen, Michael "Extending the Notion of a Window System to Audio", IEEE Computer, August 1990, pp. 66..72
  Audio "windowing" proposal using phase distortion, amplitude distortion, peaking, distancing (reverberation/echo), muffling, thickening (voice doubling/chorus), thinning to present multiple audio outputs to user, conceptually similar to multiple program windows. Also binaural sound direction. Mentions "background noise" as way to indicate a "window" is active in the background.
• [MCC90] MCC Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation "Interactive Tablets", description of work in progress, CHI '90 Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Seattle Washington, April 2-3, 1990. Available from Tom Parish, MCC, PO Box 200195, Austin Texas 78720, 512-343-0978
  General description of neural net character recognition, user-interface for handwriting at MCC. MCC staff on handwriting/gesture user interface: Tom Parish (general), Jim Pittman and David Chapman (hardware), Gale Martin (recognition), Kent Wittenburg (interpretation), Bill Gooch (Prototypes). Working on mathematical expression user-interface stroke segmentation.
• [MacTutor90a] MacTutor "MacTutor: The Macintosh Programming Journal", MacTutor: The Macintosh Programming Journal, Vol 6. No. 3, March 1990 (hardcopy book)
  General issue on programming development and environments for MacIntosh, commercial IDEs, Hypercard. Build environments similar to PenApps/ Visual Basic: Prototyper 2.0 from SmethersBarnes draws and generates code: HyperBasic from Teknosys, compiler linker and resource mover for XCMDs and XFCNs (HyperCard and Hypertalk extension); MacInterface from Holder Egand and Company: ToolKit HyperCard script editor; Classy Object Factor with Application Generator; Prograph 1.2 OOP programming CASE tool; Serius Desktop programming Serius79 for graphical custom applications.
• [MacTutor90b] MacTutor "MacTutor: The Macintosh Programming Journal", MacTutor: The Macintosh Programming Journal, Vol 6. No. 4, April 1990 (hardcopy book)
  p. 84, TooLKit MenuMaker by Shared Intelligence for Hypercard development, p. 50 HyperBasic for HyperCard, p. 33 Prograph by TGS Systems, p. 13 ScriptEdit for HyperCard. Build environments similar to PenApps/ Visual Basic: Prototyper 2.0 from SmethersBarnes draws and generates code: HyperBasic from Teknosys, compiler linker and resource mover for XCMDs and XFCNs (HyperCard and Hypertalk extension); MacInterface from Holder Egand and Company: ToolKit HyperCard script editor; Classy Object Factor with Application Generator; Prograph 1.2 OOP programming CASE tool; Serius Desktop programming Serius79 for graphical custom applications.
• [MackR89a] Mack, Robert, and Lang, Kathy "A Benchmark Comparison of Mouse and Touch Interface Techniques for an Intelligent Workstation Windowing Environment", Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, October 16-20, 1989, Denver Colorado, pp 325-329
  Replace mouse with touchscreen digitizer tablet on screen to Windows 2.0 by using new driver. Refers to double-click/double-tap gesture problems of mouse versus keyboard, but overall positive. Suggests delay-before-select as alternative to select-on-lift when using touchscreen with stylus, so that user has some time to "fine-tune" click/tap/select position, also refers to maintain-contact to select followed by drag. Dwell/press-and-hold -- maybe combinable: click-hold-drag / maintain-contact-and-drag is ordinary drag. Stylus faster than keyboard for pointing.
• [MahachKR89a] Mahach, Karen Renee "A Comparison of Computer Input Devices: Linus Pen, Mouse, Cursor Keys and Keyboard", "Linus Pen, Mouse, Cursor Keys, and Keyboard", Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, October 16-20, 1989, Denver Colorado, pp 330-334
  Linus electronic ink tablet/display had low accuracy: typing faster than writing: points out that a handwriting user-interface is not really just handwriting, but a lot of menu-picking for data entry, which needs to be studied. Looks like a good researcher to contact on electronic ink studies.
• [MaltzIJ89a] Maltz, Ivan J. "Video Compositing Using a Software Linear Layer", US Patent 4,827,253, May 2, 1989
  Overlay foreground image (on a touch display, etc.) by having a separate blending-factor palette look-up table given blending factor (alpha-blending) for particular pixels, separate from the images being overlaid.
• [ManessWL89a] Maness, William L.; Golden, Robert F.; Benjamin, Michael H.; and Podoloff, Robert M. "Pressure and contact sensor system for measuring dental occlusion", US Patent 4,856,993, August 15, 1989
  Pressure-sensing X/Y grid of conductors separated by pressure-sensitive resistive ink material only over the row electrodes (not a sheet or film), used for dental occlusion check. Gives formula for resistive and conductive inks. Not clear how it distinguishes "ghost" inputs. Cited in AsherDJ92a for multi-touch / multiple independent touch points.
• [MarshA89a] Marsh, Allison "In 1989, General Magic Saw the Future of Smartphones", IEEE Spectrum http://spectrum.ieee.org, December 29, 2021
  Retrospective on 1989 Motorola Envoy "smart desktop" and General Magic anticipating the user interface for modern smartphones/PDAs. General Magic / Magic Cap as spin-off (Paradigm project) from Apple, 1994 Motorola Envoy: clamshell PDA with room metaphor "office"-like desktop GUI, cellular telephone, stylus touchscreen. 4800 BPS radio modem, fax and data modem. Refers to "skeuomorphic design". Cites to 2018 documentary film "General Magic" with videos of actual development meetings.
• [Marshall89] Marshall, William W. and McWhortor, William F. "Method and Apparatus for Pattern Recognition", US Patent 4,817,176, March 28, 1989
  Character recognition from OCR using Fourier transforms, returning confidence percentage goodness based on second-best match.
• [MarstillerJA89a] Marstiller, John A.; Bodensiek, Paul H.; Grise, Frederick G. "Process for making and electrical resistance devices", US Patent 4,888,089, December 19, 1989
  Make pattern of voids/holes/perforations in conductive layer on insulating surface to raise effective resistivity of the surface. Mesh pattern of hexagonal voids shown.
• [MartinGL89a] Martin, Gale L. "The utility of speech input in user-computer interfaces", Intl. Jnl. Man-Machine Studies, Vol 30 No 4, April 1989, pp 355-376
  Points out that user-interface questions for speech recognition are hard to answer, because so many interaction modalities are involved. Points out indirectly (for Votan speech recognition) that the "perfect" recognition of 100% went down over time after training. Grand review of speech recognition in user-interfaces. Speech recognition is faster than typing, and it has the advantage of being an additional channel of input besides the hands (haptic?). For a simplified set of commands, speech recognition and mouse clicks equally efficient. Report by group at MCC Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation on their handwriting/speech recognition system (MAGIC). Cites a large number of studies that show speech recognition is not as good as keyboard input (!!), although this paper says speech is better.
• [MartinGL90a] Martin, Gale L.; Leow, Wee Kheng and Pittman, James A. "Function Complexity Effects on Backpropagation Learning", MCC Tech. Rpt. ACT-HI-062-90, Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corp., Human Interface Laboratory, 3500 West Balcones Center Drive, Austin, Texas 78758, January 1990
  Neural network report on on-line handwriting recognition. Data collection of 8,600 upper-case letters from (from NCR for digits) 110 people on an integrated tablet/display, 200 points/second 1000 points/inch. Training sets of 500, 2500, 6261 samples from different people. States one needs tens of thousands of samples of handwriting data base to train a system, more than an adaptable neural net. Neural nets need to be designed to detect human features, otherwise not much good.
• [MartinGL90b] Martin, Gale L. and Pittman, James A. "Recognizing Hand-Printed Letters and Digits Using Backpropagation Learning", MCC Non-confidential report, to appear in Advances in Neural Information Processing, D. S. Touretzky, editor, Morgan Kaufman, 1990
  Cites NCR Corporation data-base of hand-printed on-line character shape collection. 8,600 on-line handwriting samples from 110 people, 200 points/second at 1000 points/inch: images converted to blurred 15x24 grayscale image for static character recognition. Training set of 500 to 6,300 samples, 18 people, separate from test data: human handwriting recognition error rate was 3.4% (compare Neisser60). Gives table of exact trade-offs between reject rate and error rate on handwriting recognition, for digits and letters separately. Estimate of number of training samples needed for adaptive recognizer / neural network. Credits at MCC/NCR to Dave Rumelhart, Joyce Conner, Janet Kilgore, and Kay Bauer for collection.
• [MartinGL90c] Martin, Gale; Pittman, James; Wittenburg, Kent; Cohen, Richard; and Parish, Tom "Sign Here, Please", BYTE Magazine, July 1990, pp. 243-252
  Overview article on handwriting/gesture and voice recognition, especially parsing/chunking problems, neural net trainable handwriting recognizer at MCC: mentions DragonDictate, Freestyle, VoiceBox from Voice Recognition Technologies, Interactive Worksurface Project (tabletop? / blackboard metaphor?) at MCC, other voice recognition companies and products.
• [MarzinkewitschR90a] Marzinkewitsch, Reiner "Ein Arbeitsplatz zum rechnerunterstützten handschriftlichen Rechnen mit mathematischen Formeln", Dr. Nat. Dissertation, Uni. des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, 1990
  PhD thesis on pen-computing/tablet input of mathematical formulas, editing, on graphics tablet (complaints about the stylus/Griffel). (in German). Sections on 2D parsing and segmentation. Discussion of context-free 2D grammars. Cites to Anderson 70, not to Martin/Kaplow.
• [MasimoT89a] Masimo, Tamon; Kanazawa, Hiroshi; Masuzaki, Hidefumi; and Ito, Satoshi "Display Apparatus with Rotatable Display Screen", US Patent 4,831,368, May 16, 1989
  Bitmapped CRT display rotatable between portrait/landscape modes, rotation done in hardware by reading out bits with row/column addressing swapped. Rotation detector is microswitch, not accelerometer, display rotated by motor. Landscape/portrait aspect ratio difference handled by having display image bitmap and messages bitmap separate, only rotating messages.
• [MastersTE90a] Masters, Timothy E.; Lucas, Paul B.; Garrett, Jame E.; and Cardsted, John K. "Touch input device having digital ambient light sampling", US Patent 4,943,806, July 24, 1990
  Optical touchscreen: deal with ambient light by making measurements at sensor also just before and just after pulsing LED emitter, establish baseline for ambient light and subtract. Compare with ambient adjustable baseline on capacitive touchscreens?
• [MathewsMV90a] Mathews, Max V. "Three Dimensional Baton and Gesture Sensor", US Patent 4,980,519, December 25, 1990
  See Radio Drum: Electrostatic grid of sensor pads, sense two or more styli (drumsticks) in X, Y and Z by capacitive coupling. Pads have segmented shape so that shielding of one layer by another is minimized. Tapered conductors: charge ratio? Baton striking surface (touching) is inferred/predicted from Z motion.
• [MatthewsHG89a] Matthews, Henry G.; Zalenski, Thomas; Barbetti, Jamie L.; and Mletzko, Al "Method and apparatus for calibration of a charge ratio digitizer", US Patent 4,831,566, May 16, 1989
  Self-Calibration for a charge ratio (or really any capacitive) digitizer: phantom/simulated cursor/stylus electrodes at known positions, check for reported position of the phantom cursors and calculate correction factors / correction table. Capacitive coupling of stylus to tapered resistive traces. Uses synchronous demodulation to filter AC noise.
• [MauerGF89a] Mauer, Georg F. "An End-Effector Based Imaging Proximity Sensor", Jnl. of Robotic Systems, vol 6 no 3, 1989, pp. 301..316
  Matrix/grid of capacitive lines for touch sensor / robotic sensing, multiplexing (disabling) of non-active sensors to address crosstalk. Compare with Rekimoto, multitouch?
• [MaulsbyDL89a] Maulsby, David L.; Witten, Ian H.; and Kittlitz, Kenneth A. "Metamouse: Specifying Graphical Procedures by Example", ACM Computer Graphics, Vol 23 No 3, July 1989, pp. 127-136
  Programming by example: deduce macro operations for graphical actions by applying constraints to observed operations in GUI. Must infer variable (such as row indices).
• [McArthurD90a] McArthur, David; and Stasz, Cathleen "An Intelligent Tutor for Basic Algebra", RAND Report R-3811-NSF Prepared for The National Science Foundation, August 1990
  Two-dimensional mathematical input: not clear on the input means for user interface, perhaps on-line handwriting recognition.
• [McAvinneyP90a] McAvinney, Paul and Rubine, Dean H. "Videoharp", US Patent 4,968,877, November 6, 1990
  Electronic VideoHarp musical instrument using optical sensing of multiple fingers (multi-touch) and gestures: either harp-like (strum) or piano-like (projected keyboard). Optical sensing on two sides (either side) of transparent instrument, such that instrument can be played with both hands like a harp, or mounted horizontally like a piano. MIDI output. to a synthesizer. Position of finger along a ray detected by shadowing. See also RubineD88a.
• [McDonaldJE89a] McDonald, James E. and Stone, Jimmy D. "Parallax induced pointing error avoidance method and means for systems using touch screen overlays", U.S. Statutory Invention Registration H716, December 5, 1989
  Put margin around active touch areas (button) for touchscreen on CRT display for safer targeting / pointing error. Margin sized to match parallax error / accuracy.
• [MeadowsRD90a] Meadows, Robert D. "Integrated Liquid Crystal Panel and Optical Touch Panel", US Patent 4,916,308, April 10, 1990
  Optical touch screen with high resolution equal to LCD pixels, small angled mirrors reflect light from outermost row/column of LCD display to be the light beams across the display. Stylus for high resolution.
• [MeeksML90a] Meeks, M. L. and Kuklinski, T. T. "Measurement of Dynamic Digitizer Performance", to be published in Computer Processing of Handwriting, Leedham and Plamandon, editors, World Scientific, Singapore, 1990
  Report on tablet characteristics and instrumentation for measuring handwriting. Describes test bed for calibrating tablet digitizers with an X/Y table to correct for *fixed* positional errors -- not tilt or velocity related accuracy problems?
• [MicroTouch89a] Microtouch "Microtouch UnMouse product file", (various) http://Microtouch.com, 1989
  File of references regarding PC UnMouse from microtouch: resistive-film small touchpad/touchscreen panel on a mechanical switch, user can drag finger across surface of touchscreen to simulate proximity information or mouse motion, user presses on entire surface to close switch to for mouse click / touch-lift. Usually operated in relative-motion mode, not absolute digitizer tablet mode. Available for DOS/Windows PC and for MacIntosh.
• [MicroTouch89b] Microtouch "UnMouse: Three reasons to put your mouse out to pasture", MicroTouch, 1989
  Technical brochure on UnMouse touchpad: mentions relative and absolute modes. Thumb key switches to keypad mode with definable macros. Analog capacitive sensing. Optional UnMouse stylus (passive?) used with transparent touchpad, can be placed over papers for tracing.
• [MicroTouch90a] MicroTouch "ScreenWrite Touch Screen Performance Specifications", Microtouch Corp., http://Microtouch.com, 1990
  Digitizer touch-screen/tablet, shows calibration/linearization template for adjusting for regional position errors -- rectangular grid with alternating rows/columns offset.
• [MicroTouch90b] MicroTouch "MicroTouch: The UnMouse -- the Innovative Touch Tablet", MicroTouch, 1990 (physical device)
  UnMouse touchpad. Physical device. Includes packaging, had drivers on 5.25-inch floppy.
• [Microslate89] Microslate "press release", Microslate, 1989
  Rumored touchscreen portable product: handwriting recognition?
• [Microsoft90a] Microsoft Corporation, announcement of "Windows/H", Product development, PC Week "Spencer F. Katt" column, April 16 1990, p. 182
  Microsoft (Lloyd Frink and Marlin Eller) on Windows/H PenWindows user-interface for handwriting recognition: using "Anfa" or "Infa" company.
• [Microsoft90b] Microsoft Corporation "Windows of Opportunity: Microsoft OEM Briefing 1990", Microsoft, Bellevue WA, October 1-3, 1990
  Included information "Information at your Fingertips". Windows/H Windows for Pen Computing: rotation for Pen Windows computer screen for vertical or horizontal pad of paper orientation. Pen Windows will allow the user to rotate the screen. Stylus senses rotation of stylus barrel and pressure (tip force), proximity above screen. Side button to distinguish between handwriting, gestures, mouse-like pointing actions. Virtual keyboard / synthetic keyboard with writing window. Gestures, writing input with position. Drag, select, bracket gestures. fetched from http://www.anonymous-insider.net/windows, 2011.
• [MiesslerM89a] Miessler, Milan and Pascual, Rafel "Graphics Input Tablet with Three-Dimensional Data", US Patent 4,798,919, January 17, 1989
  Resistive sheet tablet, also determines force/pressure by total current flowing into conductive sheet.
• [MillerBP90a] Miller, Barton P.; Fredriksen, Louis; and So, Bryan "An empirical study of the reliability of UNIX utilities", Comm. ACM, Vol 33 No 12, Dec. 1990, pp. 32-44
  Fuzz-testing: random keyboard input to Unix utilities (very mature programs) causes most to fail, because few programmers check plausibility of user input, and thus fail on unanticipated input.
• [MingJ90] Ming, Ji "The Statistical Information Formulation for Noisy Speech Recognition", 10th Intl. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, Atlantic City, New Jersey, June 16-21, 1990
• [MinskyM90a] Minsky, Margaret; Ming, Ouh-young; Steele, Oliver; Brooks, Frederick P. Jr.; and Behensky, Max "Feeling and seeing: issues in force display", Proc. 1990 Symp. on Interactive 3D Graphics: SIGGRAPH, Vol 24 No 2, mar. 1990, pp. 235-241
  Haptic feedback to give the illusion of a surface requires surface, texture, temperature, softness, etc. Software synthesizes, also viscosity. Special note on stability: analog integration required with digital control, raising joystick sampling from 30Hz to 1000Hz was not enough, wanted to achieve similar stability to human arm (which has 200msec response time, but is still stable). Haptic force feedback for texture by computing spring forces from position using a texture depth map.
• [Mira89] Mira Imaging Inc. "Hyperspace (tm) product literature", 1989. 969 Logan Avenue, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84105
  3-D digitizer software: works with Science Accessories, IsoTrak (Polhemus), Cyberware laser scanner, Topcon.
• [MoellerR90a] Moeller, Ralf "Entwicklung von Visualiserungswerkzeugen in objektorientierten Systemen unter Verwendung von KI-Programmiermethoden", Universität Hamburg, Tech. Rpt. B-149, 1990
  (partial copy) 1989 Doctoral thesis: describes LabView and other visual programming languages, page 13 shows virtual slide switch element.
• [Momenta89] Momenta Inc "press release", Milpitas California, October 19, 1989
  Rumored handwriting recognition portable product from Momenta.
• [Momenta90] Display Momenta Corporation "What's New in Laptops and Pen Computing", Bill Lempesis of Dataquest, Flat Panel Display News, Vol 1 No 3, May/June 1990
  Rumors of Go Corporation, Grid, Momenta: contains a P. R. blurb from Momenta on "four waves of personal computing user-interfaces", leading up to verbal/voice recognition.
• [MoogRA90a] Moog, Robert A. and Rhea, Thomas L. "Evolution of the Keyboard Interface: The Boesendorfer 290 SE Recording Piano and the Moog Multiply-Touch-Sensitive Keyboards", Computer Music Journal, Vol 14 NO 2, Summer 1990, pp. 52-60
  Moog Multiply Touch-Sensitive keyboard (MTS keyboard) with resistive-sheet X/Y sensing, conductive rubber capacitive sensing of Z/force/pressure, velocity (photographs). Similar Boesendorfer 290 (modern) piano recorder.
• [MoreES89a] More, Edward S. and Aiken, John C. "Electro-Optic slate for Input-Output of Hand-entered Textual and Graphic Information", US Patent 4,839,634, June 13, 1989
  LCD tablet computer/pad with pen sensing integrated to LCD display hardware elements (compare: in-cell capacitive sensing). Electronic ink displayed locally in device controller. Fixed function areas for stylus/pen at side of display. Cites to Casio PF-800, Micropad. Cites to Japanese touchscreen with integrated piezoelectric pen sense layer.
• [MoriR90a] Mori, Ryoichi and Kawahara, Masaji "Superdistribution: The Concept and the Architecture", Trans of IEICE, Vol E73, No 7 July 1990 -- Special Issue on Cryptography and Information Security
  DRM document distribution system, software usage fees and royalties, permission. Uses trusted software secure hardware module (S-box) for real-time-clock for timestamps and storing private keys, hardware detection of hardware tampering. Electronic file contains additional information. See ContentGuard Google.
• [MorrelSamuelsP90a] Morrel-Samuels, Palmer "Clarifying the distinction between lexical and gestural commands", Int. Jnl. Man-Machine Studies (1990) vol. 32, pp. 581..590
  Essay on psychological aspects of gesture command user interfaces. Gesture commands using hand-drawn marks (on tablet). X to delete, circle (lasso) the correct answer, check all that apply as examples of gestures. Distinguish function from static signs (e.g. traffic signs), because all computer commands/gestures have an effect on the environment. Computer use is a communicative act. Advantages of gestural commands: terse, common, specific, illustrative (similar to spontaneous/natural gestures?) iconic.
• [MyersBA89a] Myers, Brad A. "User-Interface Tools: Introduction and Survey", IEEE Software, Jan 1989, Vol 6 No 1, pp. 15-23
  In Garnet system papers: refers to need for one application to have many user interfaces, separation (as a design question?) of user-interface an application.
• [MyersBA89b] Myers, Brad A.; Guise, Roger B.; Zanden, Brad Vander; Kosbie, David; Marchal, Philippe; Pervin, Ed; Kolojejchick, John A. "The Garnet Toolkit Reference Manuals: Support for Highly-Interactive, Graphical User Interfaces in Lisp", Carnegie-Mellon Univ. report CMU-CS-89-196, November 1989
  In Garnet system papers: KR object model, updates to prototypes (using Garnet interface builder) automatically reflected in all instances on screen. Circular gestures for rotating objects. Dynamic themes? "A high-level tool, such as the Garnet interface builder, can display a prototype on the screen, and allow the user to edit it. These edits are then automatically reflected in all instances of that prototype. For example, the designer might be changing the standard look-and-feel of the menu prototype, and immediately all menus in the system will change accordingly.".
• [MyersBA89c] Myers, Brad A.; Zanden, Brad Vander; and Dannenberg, Roger B. "Creating Graphical Interactive Application Objects by Demonstration", Proc. SIGGRAPH '89, pp 95-104
  Same title as Myer's '86 paper? In Garnet system papers: Lapidary user interface tool. Supports different styles, examples are MacIntosh-like and OpenLook-like. Also shapes of objects can be changed: square to circle, etc. Dynamic themes. Page 97: graphical replace mechanism allow wholescale replacement or modification of graphical objects at run/design time: e.g. round buttons to checkboxes, etc.
• [MyersBA89d] Myers, Brad A. "Encapsulating Interactive Behaviors", Proc. CHI '89, May 1989, pp. 319-324
  In Garnet system papers: Encapsulate interactive behaviors into "Interactor" class objects, separate from GUI-element objects. New interactors can be defined for new kinds of input, such as gesture and handwriting recognition. Interactors can handle two-handed (multi-touch) input, e.g. mouse and touch tablet at same time.
• [MyersBA90a] Myers, B. A.; Guise, D.; Dannenberg, R. B.; Zanden, B. V.; Kosbie, D.; Pervin, E.; Mickish, A. and Marchal, P. "Garnet: Comprehensive support for graphical, highly-interactive user interfaces: The Garnet user interface development environment", IEEE Computer, Vol 23 No 11, Nov. 1990, pp 71..85; also in Baecker95a Toward the Year 2000
  Garnet system: Constraint-based graphical editor for constructing GUIs: visual programming language for rapid UI prototypes. Look and feel independent GUI gadgets/objects include floating buttons, number sliders, gauges, text fields, and scroll bars. When designer changes standard look and feel, all menus in system immediately change accordingly: example is changes to shapes, font, color of buttons, slide bars. Uses Opal (language) as graphical object system. Defines "slots" as fields or instance variables, using prototype inheritance. Pop-up virtual keyboard? SIP soft input panel? dynamic themes?
• [MyersBA90b] Myers, Brad A. "A New Model for Handling Input", ACM Trans. on Inf. Systems, Nol 8 No 3, July 1990, pp. 289-320
  Garnet system: UIMS/IDE supporting arbitrary looks and feels, programmer can control both appearance and feedback behavior of UI elements such as menus. UI defined independent of the graphics and application program via Interactors. Interactors can be attached to graphics on the fly, even while interface is running. Includes definition of "slots" as accessible dynamic parameters to an object. Shows dynamically-changeable themes?
• [MyersBA90c] Myers, Brad A. "Demonstrational interfaces: A step beyond direct manipulation", Carnegie Mellon Univ. Research Showcase, Computer Science Department, 1998
  User interface: example values or example operations displayed while user is using user interface. If includes inferencing of user intent, called intelligent user interface. Example-based programming, direct manipulation.
• [NCR90] NCR Corporation, press release "Workstation Sales Systems to be Bought from NCR", May 15, 1990
  Press-release on NCR signature capture / handwriting electronic ink system.
• [NCSC89a] National Computer Security Center, Trusted Unix Working Group (TRUSIX) Fort Meade, Md. "Rationale for Selection Access Control List Features for the Unix (R) System", NCSC-TG-020-A, Library No. S-232,508, 1989
  Study/design report on ACL access control list features for Unix: multiple permissions beyond read/write/execute access mode, multiple entries for users and for groups. Additional modes/permissions/rights can be defined. Specifies syntax of ACL entries.
• [NYTimes90a] Shapiro, Eben "Business Technology: Computers without Keyboards", New York Times, November 14, 1990
  Review article on pen-based computers from Grid, Apple, Microsoft, Go Corporation, Momenta, Slate Corporation. Anticipated as next "big thing" / "great wave" of computing. See also NY Times article on Freestyle? Grid sales of 5000 units to California. NCR anticipated two-pound weight, Sony Corporation and Canon. Go Corporation proprietary operating system (PenPoint) vs. Microsoft OS.
• [Nagasawa89] Nagasawa, H.; Ito, K.; Horii, S. and Tanoshima, K. "Optical Character Reader Apparatus", US Patent 4,799,271, January 17, 1989
  OCR character recognition matching entire words against a dictionary.
• [NakamuraY89a] Nakamura, Y.; Ooi, K.; and Yura, K. "Hand-held data input apparatus", US Patent 4,866,646, September 12, 1989
  Patent on external handwriting recognition product with integrated tablet/display to attach to keyboard port, and voice output: detachable tablet/display from laptop. User-interface for electronic ink, editing documents: shows character handwriting input in boxes/constraints. Recognizes handwritten character data input through force/pressure sensitive tablet and sequentially stores result of character data.
• [NakaneK90a] Nakane, Neiichi; Kuwabara, Naoya Ikeda; Koreeda, Hiroyuki; Aotsu, Hiroaki; Kawase Masaki; Tatsuno, Yujiro; Nonaka, Naomichi; and Suzuki, Kazunarai "Multi-window display control system", US Patent 4,954,818, September 4, 1990
  Displaying data in multiple windows.
• [NakataniM89a] Nakatani, Munehiro "Image Processing Apparatus", US Patent 4,817,174, March 28, 1989
  Edge contour/curve detection for machine vision: for focusing cameras?
• [NegroponteN89a] Negroponte, Nicholas "A Personal Perspective: An Iconoclastic View Beyond the Desktop Metaphor", Intl. Jnl. Human-Computer Interaction, Vol 1 No 1, 1989, pp 109-113
  User-interface: a desktop is NOT complete human communication: hand gestures, winks (body gestures), tone of voice, context of the situation, etc.
• [Neurogen89] CAP International Inc. "Neurogen, Inc.: Reading Numbers with Neural Networks", Market Report, October 2, 1989. Principals: Kupfersmith. One Longwater Circle, Norwell, Massachusetts, 02061, 617-982-9500
  Neurogen claims 99% correct OCR recognition on handwritten numerals, but with 30% rejection rate. Report on Neurogen, other handwriting OCR recognition companies for numerals: Nestor, Hecht-Nielson Neurocomputer, Siemens, REI/ Recognition Equipment Incorporated, Scan-Optics, Elsag (Italy), Recognitive Sciences, Calera, Datacopy Accutext, Caere OmniPage, Calera TrueScan.
• [NewellA90a] Newell, Allen and Fahlman, Scott E. "Information Processing Research report WL-TR-91-1121", Information Processing Res. Rpt. WL-TR-91-1121, CMU, Published 1992, Final Report for Period July 1987 - July 1990
  Section Research in Uniform Workstation Interfaces: Garnet Project replaced Dante project. LISP/X11 UIMS system for allowing users to construct widget GUIs using constraints.
• [NichollsHR89a] Nicholls, Howard R. and Lee, Mark H. "A Survey of Robot Tactile Sensing Technology", Intl. Jnl. Robotics Research, Vol 8, No 3, June 1989, pp. 3-30
  Tactile-array touchpad sensors for robotics: 2D sensors include through thickness of resistive rubber, laterally across rubber between adjacent electrodes; matrix mats of carbon fibers (nanotubes?); capacitive grid; compliant elastomeric membrane pressed on surface affecting internal reflections; Separate section on recognizing shapes from static patterns on surface array (multitouch).
• [NielsenJ89a] Nielsen, Jakob "CHI '89 Trip Report", www.useit.com/papers/tripreports/chi89.html, 1989
  Comments on demonstration of the Paper-Like Interface with handwriting recognition by Cathy Wolf et al from IBM, with a "formula editor" (spreadsheet/mathematical notation) application. Also a mention of gestural interaction in an application toolkit for prototyping user interfaces from Mark Rosenstein of MCC Human Interface Tool Set and "silicon paper" (electronic paper). Several paragraphs on Wang Freestyle, described as an email application with the ability to integrate graphics, spoken comments, and animated writing (miss-called "gestures").
• [NielsenJ90a] Nielsen, Jakob "Traditional Dialogue Design Applied to Modern User Interfaces", Communications of the ACM, Vol 33 No 10, October 1990, pp 109-118
  Review of Wang Freestyle, other pen and non-pen UIs: shows postage stamp feature of Freestyle for documents. Says scrolling of text is bad in UI design.
• [NolanPR89a] Nolan, Peter R. "Designing Screen Icons: Ranking and Matching Studies", Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, October 16-20, 1989, Denver Colorado, pp 380-384
  Suggested icons for user-interface: symmetric confusions, "confusion matrix" of preferred selections.
• [NoldenP90a] Nolden, Paul "Sensormatrix für Bildschirme", German Patent Application DE3836429A1, May 3, 1990
  "Sensor matrix for display screens", optical touchscreen, detects two or more simultaneous touches (multi-touch). Light sources and photodetectors at edges of screen, but each sensor used to detect obstructions of multiple light sources. Also detect inadvertent/unintended touches (i.e. palm rejection).
• [NormileD90a] Normile, Dennis and Johnson, J. T. "Computers Without Keys", Popular Science, August 1990, pp. 66-69
  PDA: Sony Ai Note PalmTop with handwriting recognition and electronic ink drawing, GridPad, SuperScript, GO Corp./PenPoint (not yet released). Typing plate with boxes for handwriting recognition, with send/transfer button at end. Refers to template-matching recognizer.
• [Numonics89a] Numonics Corporation "Numonics Series 2300 Microprocessor-Based Digitizer Tablet", Numonics Corp., 1989
  Electromagnetic digitizer, includes commands for setting scaling, offset, origin and rotation/tilt of digitizer coordinate system.
• [Numonics90a] Numonics Corporation "GridMaster from Numonics", PC Magazeine, vol 9 no 13, July 1990
  Product advertisement for GridMaster flexible digitizer mat/tablet.
• [NunezLM89a] Nunez, Linda Mensinger "professional resume", for work in on-line handwriting recognition, 1989
  Resume for former employee of Nestor, Incorporated, worked on Japanese on-line handwriting recognition in 1987.
• [ON90] ON Technology Inc. "ON Technology, press release", ON Technology, April 24, 1990
  Peter B. Miller to start handwriting recognition-base systems software company for Slate/tablet (touchscreen) computers.
• [OguchiT89a] Johary, Sun and Oguchi, T. "Operate An LCD Display From A VGA System", Electronic Design, July 27, 1989, pp. 61..64
  Chips and Technologies 82C455 display controller for LCD display, used in Wang "The Guide" touchscreen computer. Grayscale by varying time on/off of black/white pixel, with 1 bit/pixel drive. Power-saving modes where part of display electronics powered down.
• [OhnoI90a] Ohno, Ichiro; Shiota, Junji; and Uchiumi, Hidetaka "Method of Forming Transparent Conductive Film and Apparatus for Forming the Same", US Patent 4,975,168, December 4, 1990
  Transparent conductive thin film of ITO, partial pressure of oxygen in sputtering environment affects resistivity.
• [OkamotoE90a] Okamoto, E. and Masumoto, H. "ID-based authentication system for computer virus protection", Electronic Letters, Vol 26 No 15, July 19, 1990
  PKI signature with certified key (certificate) on software to verify it does not contain a virus.
• [OlsonJB90a] Olson, Jan B. "Contrast enhancing transparent touch panel device", US Patent 4,958,148, September 18, 1990
  Transparent optical anti-glare / color-correction mesh or conductive-coated plastic film for display, also used for add-on touchscreen in optical stack. Cites to SunFlex mesh touchscreens/touchpanels, mentions space dots for resistive film.
• [PCLaptop89a] Patrick, Mark and Sachs, George "Richman Maximizer PIM Contact Manager", PC Laptop magazine, October 1989, page 41
  Announcement for PIM/Contact manager: MS-DOS.
• [PCLaptop89b] Patchett, Craig "Touchscreen and CD-ROM: Is the Scenario Dynabook too good to be true?", PC Laptop magazine, October 1989, pp. 14-22
  Touchscreen DOS PC with no keyboard: main application is as electronic book with built-in data CD-ROM drive. SAW surface acoustic wave technology, pressure/force sensitive. Three-point calibration (X + Y, no tilt/rotation?).
• [PCMagazine89a] Rosch, Winn L. "Alternate Input: Digitizing Tablets: Pointing the Way to Easier Input / Mightier Than the Mouse: 24 Digitizng Tablets for CADD and DTP", PC Magazine, vol 8 no 20, November 20, 1989, pp. 227-281
  Digitizing tablets typically include mouse drivers for relative motion. Also compares mouse, trackball (Logitech TrackMan), touch screens, light pens. Touch screen tiring if set up at eye level (see: Gorilla arm). Overview of electromagnetic, sonic (e.g. Science Accessories), resistive decoding (conductive pen/stylus sensor). On-tablet menus with AutoCAD. Notes electromagnetic interference, cordless stylus/pen for Wacom and Kurta. GTCO, IS/One, Summagraphics, Numonics, Petel, GrafBar, Scriptel RDT transparent glass digitizer/tablet. Stylus vs. puck. ZedPEN tip pressure/force. Pencept PenPad with recognition macros, high accuracy.
• [ParksJR90a] Parks, John R. "Method and apparatus for capturing information in drawing or writing", US Patent 4,963,895, October 16, 1990
  Tablet writing page using FTIR for signature verification, ordinary pen presses lined paper to transparent plate, internal reflection detects line crossings. Can determine two dimensions (X/Y tablet) by using crossed/orthogonal lines of different thickness in sequence. Compare with FTIR, optical tablets?
• [ParnellJA90a] Parnell, James A. and Poole, Dan R. "Digitizer for Position Sensing", US Patent 4,928,256, May 22, 1990
  Tablet with grid of parallel conductors: stylus == pointer. Two stage position determination: scan groups of wires/conductors for coarse location, then scanning for fine location. Suggests using conductors/wires/traces with strongest signal to overcome noise (sic). Correction of tilt error effects, use of Kalman filter, with stored table values of typical curves.
• [PastorJ89a] Pastor, Jose "Reliable Document Authentication System", US Patent 4,853,961, August 1, 1989
  Authenticate documents (or, authenticate postage meter stamp) using public-key cryptography by third party. Authenticating document with public/private key shows source authentication of document, also discloses key for decrypting document. Documents can be authenticated without being read. (Seem a bit pre-certificate.).
• [PatrickM89a] Patrick, Mark and Sachs, George "X11 Input Extension Protocol Specification", MIT X Consortium - Technical Review - X11R4 Public Release, December 1989
  Extension to X graphical system standard to support devices beyond system keyboard and system pointer (mouse): event input includes Key, Button, Valuator data in motion events, proximity events, focus, feedbacks.
• [PatrickNJM90a] Patrick, Nicholas J. M. "Design, Construction, and Testing of a Fingertip Tactile Display for Interaction with Virtual and Remote Environments", Master's Thesis, M.I.T., August 1990
  Vibrotactile display for fingertips, substitutes tactile / vibrotactile feedback for reactive force-feedback. Notes that when there is transmission delay (telepresence / telerobotics), vibrotactile haptic feedback works better than reactive force-feedback.
• [PauschR90a] Pausch, Randy and Williams, Ronald D. "Tailor: Creating Custom User Interfaces Based on Gesture", Proc. UIST '90, 3rd Ann. ACM SIGGRAPH Symp. on User Interface Software and Technology, 1990, pp. 123..134
  3-Space in-hair gestures using magnetic trackers (not touchscreen) as input to voice synthesizer as accessibility technology.
• [PelzMB89a] Pelz, Myra Bennett "Three-dimensional data input using Sutherland's two-dimensional tablet strategies plus enhanced user feedback", Master's Thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology, August 30, 1989
  Hand-digitization (on tablet with puck/cursor) of three-dimensional images by selecting same point on object in different views object (photographs). Compare with shape-through-motion?
• [PenPoint90a] GO Corporation "Using the GO Computer", GO Corp. internal document: September 26, 1990
  Description of user interface of PenPoint operating system, 1990. Selectable screen orientation landscape/portrait. Orientation/rotation PDF page 187 Choosing a screen layout.
• [Pencept89a] Pencept Inc. "Pencept PenPad 320 intelligent tablet", Pencept, Inc. 1989 (physical device)
  Handwriting recognition / gesture tablet with controller board for IBM PC AT-BUS. Software on 5-inch floppies. Stylus with side-button gesture/macro switch. PenCad software for AutoCad.
• [PeppersNA89a] Peppers, N. A.; Young, J. R.; Pierce, G. A.; Nishi, H. and Katsuki, K. "Apparatus for Preprocessing of Character Recognition", US Patent 4,809,344, February 28, 1989
  Segmentation in OCR scanner input for paragraphs, words picture, and individual letters, also doing character normalization.
• [PeppersNA89b] Peppers, N. A.; Young, J. R.; Nishi, H. and Katsuki, K. "Page Segmenter", US Patent 4,817,169, March 28, 1989
  Segmenting a document image into parts "with a single feature" as pre-processing before pattern recognition.
• [PerkinsR89a] Perkins, Ronald; Blatt, Louis A.; Workman, Daniel; Ehrlich, Susan F. "Iterative Tutorial Design in the Product Development Cycle", Proc. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 1989, pp. 268-272
  Report on tutorial for Wang Freestyle, but indirectly a human factors report on usability of Freestyle voice/electronic ink annotation system, pen computing system without use handwriting recognition, instead using of gestures and direct manipulation. Notes that subjects found most useful: Synchronized voice/sketching annotation in recorded whiteboard system.
• [PerryS89a] Perry, Tkla S. and Voelcker, John "Of mice and menus; Designing the user-friendly interface", IEEE Spectrum, September 1989, pp 46-51
  Historical view (circa 1989) of graphical user interfaces: Sketchpad in 1962, lightpen in 1960's, Graphical curve-tracer with a potentiometer, mouse in 1964 by Douglas Engelbart at SRI, Trackball. Sketchpad split screen into two windows. No mention of handwriting or gesture recognition, or of Rand tablet.
• [PersonalWriter89] Personal Writer Inc. "Personal Writer 10SL/15SL product literature", 1900 Avenue of the Stars, Suite 2870, Los Angeles, California 90067 (see also Anatex). 1987/1988/1989
  Previously called Anatex (which see). Adaptive handwriting recognition product for MacIntosh, trainable, using a spelling dictionary.
• [PersonalWriter90a] Personal Writer Inc. "Personal Writer. Pen and paper has come of age", 1900 Avenue of the Stars, Suite 2870, Los Angeles, California 90067 (see also Anatex). 1987/1988/1989
  Slide presentation on Personal Writer: handwriting recognition product PW10SL Version 1.0 on IBM PC, other for Apple MacIntosh. Refers to tablet as "absolute mouse" (equivalent). Company previously called Anatex (which see).
• [PetzoldC89a] Petzold, Charles "Beyond the GUI: Wang Freestyle", PC Magazine, vol 8 no 15, September 12, 1989, pp 156..157
  Overview of Wang Freestyle direct-manipulation document annotation interface. Notes lack of handwriting or voice recognition, praises Freestyle easy manipulation interface over Presentation Manager / PM (pre-Windows?). Special note on erase button at back of stylus. Capture of DOS screens as documents for annotation, no input back to DOS. Compare with Buxton overview? Part of special issue on "Graphical: The Better Interface" on PM/Presentation manager. GEM, DeskMate, New Wave, OS/2 PM Presentation Manager, Open Look, MacIntosh, NeXTStep, OSF/Motif (Unix), NeWS, PM/X.
• [PfleegerCP89a] Pfleeger, Charles P. "Security in Computing", Prentice-Hall, 1989
  Tutorial and reference on encryption and PKI, intrusion detection, user authentication, secure/trusted computer systems, copy protection, DRM, legal issues of (excessive) computer security.
• [PhillipsM90a] Phillips, Mark J.; Philbin, Patrick T. and Blesser, Barry A. "Coordinated Determining Device using Spatial Filters", US Patent 4,963,703, October 16, 1990
  Electromagnetic digitizing tablet/pen with tilt measurement and stylus tilt (mis-named as parallax) correction: Cited later for prior art on acoustic/ultrasonics tablets.
• [Phoenix89a] Phoenix Technologies Ltd. "System BIOS for IBM PC XT/AT Computers and Compatibles: The Complete Guide to ROM-based System Software", Addison-Wesley, 1989
  Operational manual for Phoenix BIOS for MS-DOS/Windows. Touchpads supported on game port interface.
• [PlaisantC90a] Plaisant, Catherine and Wallace, Daniel "Touchscreen Toggle Switches: Push or Slide? Design Issues and Usability Study", Report HCIL-90-08, CS-TR-2557, CAR-TR-521, November 1990, U. Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies
  Touchscreen virtual toggle and slider switches: users spontaneously associate slider switch with a control function. Compare to Apple slide-to-unlock.
• [PlamondonR89a] Plamondon, R. and Lorette, G. "Automatic signature verification and writer identification -- the state of the art", Pattern Recognition, Vol 22 No 2, March 1989, pp 107-132
  Review of all current commercial and research signature verification systems -- specifically excludes patents.
• [PlamondonR90a] Plamondon, R. and Yergeau, P. "A System for the Analysis and Synthesis of Handwriting", in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, C. Y. Suen, editor, Proc. Conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Concordia Univ., Montreal Canada, April 2-3, 1990, pp 167-180
• [Poqet89b] Mason, Bryan "The Poqet PC Home Page", http://www.bmason.com, fetched 2017
  Information page on Hand-held Poqet PC (large) palm-top computer, mostly for collectors. MS-DOS in ROM, build-in modem, no touchscreen.
• [PurcellAM90a] Purcell, Alexander M. and Zalenski, Thomas C. "Low-power electromagnetic digitizer tablet", US Patent 4,952,757, August 28, 1990
  Electromagnetic tablet using triangular pick-up electrodes tapered across full width of tablet in single plane/layer. Compare with charge-ratio electrostatic/capacitive tablet?
• [Quam89] Quam, David L.; Williams, George B.; Agnew, Jeffery R. and Browne, Patricia C. "An Experimental Determination of Human Hand Accuracy with a DataGlove", Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, October 16-20, 1989, Denver Colorado, pp 315-319
  Pointing accuracy with human hand, but open loop (no coupling to a tablet digitizer/display tracking crosshair, for example).
• [QuerciaV89] Quercia, Valerie and O'Reilly, Tim "X Window System User's Guide for X11 R3 and R4 of the X Window System", Three volumes: O'Reilly & Associates, 1989 (hardcopy book)
  X-Windows documentation: mouse/pointer based windows interface, can be used with a tablet digitizer with a puck with at least three functional buttons, for mouse-button menus. No use with a stylus. Mouse-button menus can be re-defined. electronic copy also.
• [QuerciaV90a] Quercia, Valerie and O'Reilly, Tim "X Window System User's Guide OSF/Motif Edition", Three volumes: O'Reilly & Associates, 1990 (hardcopy book)
  X-Windows documentation for OSF/Motif windows manager system: mouse/pointer based windows interface, can be used with a tablet digitizer with a puck with at least three functional buttons, for mouse-button menus. No use with a stylus. Mouse-button menus can be re-defined. electronic copy also.
• [RashidRF90a] Rashid, Richard F.; Julin, Danile; Orr, Douglas; Sanzi, Richard; Baron, Robert; Forin, Alessandro; Golub, David; and Jones, Michal "Mach: A system software kernel", Elsevier Science Direct, Computer Systems in Engineering, vol 1 no 2..4, 1990, pp. 163..169
  Overview of early Mach micro-kernel architecture: IPC interprocess communication facility, virtual memory management, multiple threads in one process, copy-on-write and copy-on-reference message and network processing, transparent shared libraries for OS system calls in user space. Multiple OS environments. Mach kernelization of Unix. Cites to Accent, capability-based systems.
• [RecognitiveSciences89] Litvin, Y. and Kuklinski, T. "Recognitive Sciences Provides Cost Effective OCR Solutions for OEMs", company profile, 1989. Principals: Ted Kuklinski and Yuri Litvin. 323 Andover Street, Wilmington, Massachusetts, 01887
  Kuklinski's and Yuri's OCR for handwritten and embossed characters.
• [RegtienPPL89a] Regtien, P. P. L. "Silicon Tactile Image Sensors", in "Traditional and Non-Traditional Robotic Sensors", Proc. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Traditional and Non-Traditional Robotic Sensors, Maratea, Italy, August 28-September 2, 1989. pp. 117-126
  Review of 2D tactile/touch/touchpad sensor technologies: displacement-based / force include elastomeric deformable plastic sheets, piezoresistive, piezoelectric.
• [RevelleGL90a] Revelle, Glenda L. and Strommen, Erik F. "The effects of practice and input device used on young children's computer control", Collegiate Microcomputer, Vol 8 No 4, Nov. 1990, pp 33-41
  Joystick, mouse, trackball pointing devices: cites to earlier studies using touchscreen digitizer tablets. Child users always press and hold button for long time when intending to select, click on button unintentionally while thinking what to do next.
• [RobertG90a] Robert, Gregory; Chase, David; and Schaefer, Ronald "Software Licensing Management System", US Patent 4,937,863, June 26, 1990
  Software licensing: program checks in with licensing service, that keeps track of usage. If denied, check group license table. License released by program when done.
• [RobertsonGG89] Robertson, Geroge G.; Card, Stuart K. and Mackinlay, Jock D. "The Cognitive Coprocessor Architecture for Interactive User Interfaces", Proc. 2nd Annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium, Williamsburg Virginia, 1989, pp 10..18
  User-programmable buttons, RoomsButtons experimental system extended (with other objects) to support gestures. Visual feedback on gestures? Describes a 3D and animated user interface system involving rooms that uses interactive objects (buttons) which are responsive to multiple gestures (press, rubout, check, and throw).
• [RohrbachW89a] Rohrbach, Wolfgang; Grafenstein, Georg; Beer, Wilhelm; Kiy, Burghadt; and Monetha, Eugen "Rack and pinion steering gear", US Patent 4,865,149, September 12, 1989
  Rack and pinion power steering wheel mechanism for automobile. Spring mechanism to provide friction feed-back to compensate for change in feel due to wear, changing torque force profile. Wear changes steering force ("tighter") out of center region, changing perceived feel (haptic/tactile feedback).
• [Roland89a] Roland Corp. "Rolad Digital Fader CF-10 Owner's Manual", Roland Corporation, 1989
  Multi-touch (?) digital audio fader controller for MIDI interface, multiple touch sliders with LED illumination beneath. Posted also on http://www.billbuxton.com, compare with Buxton simulated devices?
• [RosenbergJ90a] Rosenberg, Jarret (moderator); Asente, Paul; Linton, Mark; Palay, Andrew "X Toolkits: the Lessons Learned", Proc. UIST '90, pp. 108-111
  X Windows needs a toolkit. Constraint and error checking in toolkit means windows implementation can be simpler, since it finds bugs and reduces need for run-time checking or complications. Like a good compiler does for an instruction set.
• [RubineD90a] Rubine, Dean and McAvinney, Paul "Programmable Finger-Tracking Instrument Controllers", Computer Music Journal, Vol 14 No 1, Spring 1990, pp. 26-41
  multi-touch musical instrument touchscreen interface, using gesture-sensing. temporal resolution must be at most 2 msecs, humans can distinguish changes in duration at this resolution. Intensity resolution 0.25 dB, pitch resolution to two cents. Long discussion of VideoHarp optical scanning, cites to SensorFrame 92. Boie capacitive 3D proximity sensors, 10-finger multi-touch touch pad with pressure/force.
• [RutledgeJD90a] Rutledge, Joseph D. and Selker, Ted "Force-to-Motion Functions for Pointing", Proc. INTERACT '90, IFIP, 1990, pp. 701..706
  isometric (force-sensing) joystick in keyboard next to J key is faster than using mouse, because user need not move hand from keyboard. Velocity is non-linear with force: dead-zone near zero, etc. See also IBM keyboard joystick.
• [RyderJH90a] Ryder, John Hoyt Sr. and Smith, Susanna Ross "A method of verifying receipt and acceptance of electronically delivered data objects", European Patent EP 0367700 B1, June 9, 1990
  DRM: electronic verification that user accepts software/use license, entering acceptance record into object/file/program. Compare with electronic signing CertCo?
• [RzepczynskiZG89a] Rzepczynski, Zenon G. "Tactile Sensor Device", US Patent 4,866,412, September 12, 1989
  Tactile sensor: X/Y grid of conductors with piezoresistive (conductive rubber) layer between.
• [SAC89a] Science Accessories Corporation "Model GP-7 Grafbar Mark II Sonic Digitizer", Science Accessories Corp., 1989
  Acoustic digitizer, two microphones in instrumentation bar at top of digitizing area up to 20x20 inches. 1..4 button cursor or stylus. 70 KHz acoustic signal generated in stylus/puck. Inking stylus, support circuit diagrams.
• [SabourinR89a] Sabourin, Robert and Plamondon, Rejean "Segmentation of Handwritten Signature Images: A Structural Approach", unpublished manuscript, July 26, 1989. Laboratoire Scribens, Ecole de technologie Superieure, Departement de Production Automatisee, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
  Reviewed for PAMI and Henry Baird: extraction of signatures from scanned documents prior to verification.
• [SabourinR90a] Sabourin, Robert and Plamondon, Rejean "Progress in the Field of Automatic Handwritten Signature Verification Systems Using Gray-Level Images", in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, C. Y. Suen, editor, Proc. Conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Concordia Univ., Montreal Canada, April 2-3, 1990, pp 1-12 (abstract only)
  Signature verification with OCR: can tell photocopies from originals.
• [SaitoT90a] Saito, Toshimitsu and Konno, Junko "Personal computer for setting, in setup operation, normal/reverse display, external device, and automatic display off", European Patent Application 0404182A1, December 27, 1990
  Display auto-off/auto-timeout on personal computer. When no input for fixed time period from keyboard or touchpanel/touchscreen, back light turned off. Compare with Hitachi/Huawei power management?.
• [SandigeRS90a] Sandiga, Richard S. "Modern Digital Design", McGraw-Hill, 1990 (hardcopy book)
  Upper-level textbook on digital design. Focuses on standard commercial components (e.g. no description of multiply).
• [SantoriM90a] Santori, Michael "An instrument that isn't really: LabVIEW's software approach to instrumentation systems yields an intuitive programming tool for test needs", IEEE Spectrum, August 1990, pp 36-39
  LabView graphical programming language for software simulation and control of virtual laboratory instruments, describing dataflow programming. Introduction gives history of LabVIEW to 1986. Quoted in JohnsonGW94a.
• [SatoK89] Sato, Koji; Kurakake, Masahiro and Fujiwaki, Kazuo "Optical Character Reader", US Patent 4,797,940, January 10, 1989
  Hand-held OCR scanner which can read one line at a time, with hardware to segment into separate characters.
• [SatsutaM90a] Satsuta, Mayasuki and Nakamura, Shoji "Multi-Window Display Control System", Japanese Patent Application JP 2 155029, June 14, 1990
  Semi-transparent overlapping windows using stippling / half-tone using XOR to flip pixel bits: offset if multiple windows so can see each. Double-click gesture to bring lower window to top.
• [ScanOptics90] Scan-Optics Inc. "Easyreader 1720 OCR product", press release, February 1, 1990
  OCR scanner product: programming via format control sheets, filled out by hand to define fields, field lengths, numeric range context.
• [Scenario89a] Scenario Inc. and Visible Systems Corp. "Easy Touch/Touch Translator", structured UI design tool, PC Week, December 4, 1989, vol 6 no 48, p 73
  Touch-screen user-interface design tool: Pen-based UI SDK.
• [Scenario89b] Scenario Inc "Dynabook product announcement file", October 1989, Boston, Massachusetts
  Press kit for Touch-screen portable (sort of) CD-ROM product: no handwriting recognition yet. File contains additional references on Dynawriter (change of product name) with handwriting recognition. detachable resistive-film (SAW) touchscreen -- most likely EloGraphics? Name taken from Alan Kay's Dynabook? Scenario, Inc. Technical Products Summary: include consulting, Touch API/SDK utilities, Touchscreen Designer GUI developer, ELODEV TSR driver supports keyboard buffer stuffing, access to speaker, pressure data (??), user-specific calibration (left-handed writers?). Touch Translator / Dynavision for converting touchscreen menus to keyboard commands -- compare to PenCept PenPad utilities. Graphics Touch Zone Generator TouchUp, TouchBack.
• [SchlosserPA89a] Schlosser, Philip A. and Kable, Robert G. "Electrographic apparatus", US Patent 4,853,493, August 1, 1989
  Single-resistive sheet capacitive digitizer: using resistors at contact points at edges to correct mostly for pincushion/reverse pen-cushion distortion in position. Single on one side, ground on other.
• [SchmandtC89a] Schmandt, Chris and Castner, Stephen "Phonetool: Integrating Telephones and Workstations", IEEE Global Telecommunications Conf., November 27..30, 1989, Dallas, Texas pp. 970..974. Also USC reprint report IS1/RS-90-250, March 1990
  Experimental integration of digital phone with workstation computer in GUI: interfaces to proprietary Rolm CBX, ISDN digital interfaces not yet standardized. Additiona functions include intercom, conference calling.
• [SchneidawindJ90a] Schneidawind, John "Software pioneers are reunited at hot new Arizona company", Press report, 1990 (publication not known)
  Bob Frankston and Dan Bricklin join Slate Corporation: pen computing applications (PenPoint, W4PC). Investment by Mitch Kapor. Note also GO Corporation / PenPoint.
• [SchwartzR89a] Schwartz, Richard; Barry, Chriss; Chow, Yen-Lu; Derr, Alan; Feng, Ming-Whei; Kimball, Owen; Kubala, Francis; Makhoul, John; and Vandegrift, Jeffrey "The BBN BYBLOS Continuous Speech Recognition System", Proc. HLT '89: ACM Workshop on Speech and Natural Language, February 1989, pp. 94..99
  Speaker-dependent continuous speech recognition system for limited (1000-word) vocabulary, simple grammar. Assert that by testing system on training data (sic), recognition accuracy is likely to improve with more training data.
• [Scriptel90a] Scriptel "Press Information on PenWriter", Press reports circa 1990
  Press reports on Scriptel: includes Ohio Gov. Richard Celeste using Scriptel transparent tablet as telautograph to sign bill concerning electronic signatures.
• [SearsA90a] Sear, Andrew; Plaisant, Catherine; Shneiderman, Ben "A new era for touchscreen application: High precision, dragging icons, and refined feedback", U. Maryland HCI Lab., Dept of Comp.Sci, CAR-TR-506 / CS-TR-2487, June 1990. Also in Advances in Human-Computer Interaction, Hartson and Hix, 1993
  Review of touchscreen user interface considerations, including hardware trade-offs. Mentions first-touch versus lift-off for selection and pointing. Touchscreen keyboards somewhat slower typing than regular keyboards, but fast than people thought. Accuracy of rotation gestures improved by longer lever distance by user. Microsoft UnMouse. See: multi-touch "has been explored", looking for applications when it becomes commercially available: touchscreen manufacturers will be important. SAW may be able to detect as least two touches. On-screen touchscreen keyboards more flexible e.g. Dvorak or other keyboard layouts (see also Kaplow). Directness, no moving parts, no extra desk or keyboard space, speed, ease of use benefits of touchscreens. Refers to multi-touch tablet research, but in context of preventing inadvertent second touches. Undesired touches, obscuring of the screen. Touchscreen target size to 0.4x0.6mm, 1.7x2.2mm easily targetable. Glare and smudges: in practice, users clean mouse pad more often than touch screens. Multitouch touchscreens may solve palm rejection/inadvertent touch. Piezoelectric touchscreens (transducers at corners measure force). False lift-offs and land-ons. Two-finger tap-click without multi-touch. Z-axis (contact area not pressure) with SAW touchscreens.
• [SeymourJ90a] Seymour, Jim "The "Slate PC" Wave Is About To Break", PC Magazine, October 16, 1990, page 85..86
  Editorial that pen-computing PCs (like Palm?), as small portable devices making only minor use of handwriting character recognition, would be successful. Mentions GRiD, Go/PenPoint, Momenta. No mention of Microsoft Pen-Windows.
• [ShearVH90a] Shear, Victor H. "Database Usage Metering and Protection System and Method", US Patent 4,977,594, December 11, 1990
  Metered database usage: database is encrypted, user's charged for amount of data fetched. Database "self destructs" if tampered with: delete decrypting key.
• [ShimadaK89a] Shimada, Keichiro; Wakahara, Tatsua; and Shibuya, Noboru "Remote-controlling commander with multi-function rotary dial", U Patent 4,866,542, Septembre 12, 1989
  Remote control ("commander") for multimedia VTR: has both jog mode (speed/rate control) and shuttle mode (position control), as well as selection mode (channel, time, etc.). Jog/shuttle modes determined by touch within rotary dial wheel, or on edge (co-located? mechanical sensors?). Channel/select mode selected by button. Refers to mechanical detent at fixed angle intervals.
• [Shu89] Shu, Joseph Shou-Pyng "One-pixel-wide Edge Detection", Pattern Recognition, Vol 22 No 6, 1989, pp 665-673
  Edge detection/skeletonization/line-thinning using a 3x3 pixel filter, similar to Sobel edge detector filters, Robert 2x2 edge detectors, combined with heuristic (minimum-cost) search. Edge-streak encoding, similar to chain codes for edges.
• [SieferDA90a] Siefer, David A. and Purcell, Alexander M. "Backlit Digitizer Tablet", US Patent 4,943,689, July 24, 1990
  Back-lighting of tablet using clear/transparent PCB printed circuit board, rear illumination. Perforated holes to let light through. Translucent diffuser top layer. Diodes used to isolate wires of touch sensor grid. Internal reflection in internal supports for even illumination.
• [Signaware89] Signaware Corp. "Software Description", 1989, 300 South Duncan Avenue, Suite 273, Clearwater, Florida 34615, 813-461-4211
  Internal Wang memo on signature verification vendors: one in Florida, one in Ireland.
• [SiliconGraphics90a] Silicon Graphics "Silicon Graphics Workstation - Desktop", ACM CHI 1990 Issue 56, Video - Silicon Graphics Workstation. Available at http://open-video.org, 2010
  Shows highlighting on selection and motion during drag in GUI for Silicon Graphics Workstation Unix, for file explorer window. Drag and drop, drop-available highlighting when dragging over a target.
• [SimonJC90a] Simon, J. C. and Baret, O. "Handwriting Recognition as an Application of Regularities and Singularities in Line Pictures", in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, C. Y. Suen, editor, Proc. Conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Concordia Univ., Montreal Canada, April 2-3, 1990, pp 23-38
• [SinghG89a] Singh, Gurminder and Green, Mark "Chisel: A System for Creating Highly Interactive Screen Layouts", Proc. UIST '89, 2nd Annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, pp. 86-94
  Automatic screen layout in UIMS user interface definition: color and window resources management.
• [SinghG89b] Singh, Gurminder "Automating the Lexical and Syntactic Design of Graphical User Interfaces", PhD Thesis, U. of Alberta, Canada, 1989
  UIMS development system. UI defined declaratively using a graphic editor / layout editor not for the user interface appearance, but for the interaction structure and positional constraints of the UI.
• [SinghG90a] Singh, Gurminder; Kok, Chun Hong; and Ngan, Teng Ye "Druid: A System For Demonstrational Rapid User Interface Development", Proc. UIST '90, 3rd ann. ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, New York, 1990, pp. 167-177
  UIMS development system for prototyping. User defines UI elements graphically (direct manipulation), animates them manually, system "learns" the UI behavior to simulate. Prototype implemented using Motif GUI.
• [Sklarew89a] Sklarew, Ralph "Handwritten Keyboardless Entry Computer System", European Patent Application 0 254 561 A2, 1989
  Abstract refers to transparent sensing surface over display with stylus, electronic ink, character recognition, and learning mode. "Editing symbol" gestures: short vertical line to delete a letter, long line move margin, caret to insert text, horizontal line (cross-out) to delete text. Font symbols can be any glyph form or drawing. Transparent input screen. Capture signatures as "handwritten symbol" example.
• [Sklarew90a] Sklarew, Ralph "Handwritten Keyboardless Entry Computer system", US Patent 4,972,496, November 20, 1990
  Handwriting recognition user-interface, arm-held "slate" type pen computer. See also 5,157,737. Patent description of prior art for Linus product, Grid patent on user interfaces: transparent digitizer over display for handwriting input, with character recognition. Abstract refers to transparent sensing surface over display, electronic ink, character recognition, and learning mode/ trainable recognition. Cited for Unistroke character set. Transparent front-mounted digitizer tablet/touchscreen: cites advantages (stylus tilt error, etc.) over rear-mounted tablets. Input can be by stylus or finger. Refers to trainable recognition for handwritten characters and symbols, but not to macros or gestures. Coordinates as voltages on resistive touchscreen. Cites use in sales, nursing, inventory control, census taking, claims adjusting (insurance). Virtual / soft keyboard == softkey. Finger touch or probe (stylus), transparent finger touch , mentions "feel" of writing surface (passive tactile feedback?). Handwriting symbol recognition, can be text character or a command (i.e. gesture). Sizes/distances normalized to inter-line spacing, angles normalized to units of 360/256 04 360/8 degrees (chain codes?). Stroke dictionary: new shape, add to dictionary and elastic matching? Stroke dictionary is ordered by most frequently occurring results.
• [SklarewR90b] Sklarew, Ralph "Correspondence file: Ralph Sklarew", Personal correspondence, Ralph Sklarew, 1990
  Technical/hardware descriptions of keyboardless touchscreen portable computer with virtual on-screen keyboard.
• [SmallCH90a] Small, Charles H. "Inexpensive software reads printed material", Electronic Design News, January 18, 1990, pp 77-86
  Review of OCR scanner companies: Caere Corporation, Inovatic, Olduvai Corporation, Xerox Imaging Systems.
• [SmithML90a] Smith, Mark L. "Battery-operated data collection apparatus having an infrared touch screen data entry device", US Patent 4,928,094, May 22, 1990
  Infrared touchscreen on portable display. Three power-management states: normal/active, idle/sleep/low-power after 10-minute timeout on touchscreen, power down (battery fail). Idle state runs touchscreen at 1 Hz vs. 20 Hz sample rate.
• [Smithsonian90a] Smithsonian Intstitution Archives "The RAND Corporation: RU 9536", Smithsonian Institute, 1990
  Web posting of archived videotaped interviews on history of RAND Corporation, with artifacts photographs. Kieth Unicapher, J. Clifford Shaw, Raymond W. Clewett, Thomas Ellis, Gabriel F. Groner, Edward C. Deland on RAND tablet, GRAIL system, video reading devices for blind/visually impaired, BIOMOD program (for direct manipulation/tablet). Military and commercial interests resistant to tablet concept.
• [Sony90] Sony Corporation "Sony hand-held computer press release", March, 1990
  Hand-held slate computer product from Sony Corporation.
• [SpeckRP89a] Speck, Richard P. "Tactile sensing method and apparatus having grids as a means to detect a physical parameter", US Patent 4,839,512, June 13, 1989
  Multi-touch pressure/force sensing pad: one suggested use is bed sensor rather than tablet. X/Y grid/matrix, force sensor at each intersection. Mentions force sensing transducers: electromagnetic, tactilitic (photoelectric using electroluminescent strips plus light sensor), analog (FSR / force-sensitive-resistor?), capacitive.
• [SpitzG89a] Spitz, Gabriel "The Preferred Pen Activation Force for the Low Resolution Freestyle Tablet", Research report 14 July, 1989, Wang Laboratories, 1 Industrial Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01851
  Internal Wang report on stylus pen force/pressure for handwriting force.
• [SpitzG90a] Spitz, Gabriel and Akagi, Kenichi "Stylus Button Location", Res. Rpt. 3 January, 1990, Wang Laboratories, 1 Industrial Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01851
  Internal Wang report on barrel-switch/side-button on digitizer tablet stylus.
• [SrihariSN90a] Srihari, S. N. "Reading Unconstrained Handwriting with Bounded Context", in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, C. Y. Suen, editor, Proc. Conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Concordia Univ., Montreal Canada, April 2-3, 1990, pp 109-116
  Overview of some recognition context problems: project was OCR for handwritten Zip codes, address blocks.
• [StefikMJ89a] Steif, Mark J. and Heater, courtenay "Ultrasound Position Input Devices", US Patent 4,814,552, March 21, 1989
  Acoustic stylus/tablet, cites to SAC Science Accessories Corporation, de Bruyne article of 1986. Cordless stylus, uses IR infra-red connection to computer. Mentions "fat-potato" problem of writing with mouse or puck, instead of pen/stylus.
• [Stentiford89] Stentiford, Frederick W. M. "Pattern Recognition System", US Patent 4,817,171, March 28, 1989
  OCR.
• [StringaL90a] Stringa, L. "A Structural Approach to Automatic Primitive Extraction in Hand-printed Character Recognition", in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, C. Y. Suen, editor, Proc. Conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Concordia Univ., Montreal Canada, April 2-3, 1990, pp 65-72 (abstract only)
• [SuenCY90a] Suen, C. Y.; Nadal, C.; Mai, T. A.; Legault, R. and Lam, L. "Recognition of Totally Unconstrained Handwritten Numerals Based on the Concept of Multiple Experts", in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, C. Y. Suen, editor, Proc. Conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Concordia Univ., Montreal Canada, April 2-3, 1990, pp 131-144
• [Summagraphics89a] Summagraphics Corporation "Summagraphics The Summasketch II ADB / The Microgrid II Series MacIntosh SE and II Version", Summagraphics, 1988, 1989
  Electromagnetic digitizers with stylus or puck: 16 button cursor/puck, Laser Interferometer System (for production testing?), Compatible (mouse replacement) with Apple computers, menu picking. Full Multiple Monitor Support tablet/digitizer can be mapped to any contiguous group of monitors (on Apple Desktop Bus). Independent (of application) control panel configuration of scaling, offset, button mapping, and tablet orientation (90-degrees?). File includes data sheet on SummaSketchII for IBM PC.
• [Summagraphics89b] Summagraphics Corporation "Decisions: Summagraphics goes Hollywood", Summagraphics 1989
  Summagraphics tablets in movies/films as technology prop. Mentions Dr. Halo III graphics application software.
• [Summagraphics89c] Summagraphics Corporation "Draw on our experience -- Summagraphics tablet modes", Summagraphics 1989
  Summagraphics tablet product information: SummaSketch, Bit Pad Plus for IBM/MacIntosh: Windows driver (mouse), Autodesck Device Interface (driver). Optical mouse, Microgrid II drafting-table size. Most are electromagnetic, but one CR Charge Ratio capacitive tablet. Stylus and cursor (puck).
• [Summagraphics90a] Summagraphics Corporation "Summagraphics MM II 1201 Graphics Tablet Technical Reference", Summagraphics January 1990
  Summagraphics electromangetic tablet: modes Point Mode, Remote Request Mode (polled input only), Stream Mode, Switch Streem Mode, Report Rate, Increment Mode, Axis Update Mode. Device driver guidelines. Stylus, 4-button and 16-button cursor (puck). Compare increment mode with press-and-hold distance. Manual setting of origin,
• [SunMicrosystems90a] Sun Microsystems "Open Windows Developer's Guide 1.1, User's manual", Sun Microsystems, 1990
  X-Windows-like windows management system with graphical objects. pop-up menus? drag gesture? Pop-up virtual keyboard? Cited in Pier92.
• [SuzukiK90a] Suzuki, Kenichiro; Najafi, Khalil; and Wise, Kensall D. "A 1024-element high-performance silicon tactile imager", IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices vol 37 no 8, pp. 1852..1860, September 1990
  Capacitive tactile touch sensor, touchpad 1.6x1.6cm, intended for robotics sensing. Electromechanical silicon construction. Rapid data acquisition 15..20 microseconds/element.
• [SuzukiT90a] Suzuki, T. and Mori, S. "A Thinning Method Based on Cell Structure", in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, C. Y. Suen, editor, Proc. Conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Concordia Univ., Montreal Canada, April 2-3, 1990, pp 39-52
  Line-thinning / skeletonization.
• [TaguchiY89a] Taguchi, Yoshinori and Yamanami, Tsuguya "Coordinate Input Device with Display", US Patent 4,845,478, July 4, 1989
  Patent on Wacom electromagnetic / magnetostrictive digitizer using cordless stylus. Does not describe sensor or switch for detecting stylus down or contact with surface. Display unit on top of tablet for touchscreen: rear-mounted digitizer.
• [TakahashiH90a] Takahashi, Hiroshi "Information Processing Apparatus", US Patent 4,954,967, September 4, 1990
  Scrolling bar in hardware using a linear array of microswitches to detect where finger is. Microswitches implemented as X and Y conductors, a hold in a cover sheet lets finger press the layers together at a defined location.
• [TalmageJE89a] Talmage, John E. and Quirk, John T. Jr. "Electrographic touch sensor having reduced bow of equipotential field lines therein", US Patent 4,822,957, April 18, 1989
  Resistive sheet touchscreen, gradually elongated conductive bars at edges to correct for pincushion/bowing.
• [TalmageJE89b] Talmage, John E. and Gibson, William A. "Touch Sensitive Device With Increased Linearity", US Patent 4,797,514, January 10, 1989
  Resistive sheet touchscreen, gradually elongated conductive bars at edges to correct for pincushion/bowing bad behavior. Mentions proximity sensing (near to surface).
• [TangJC90a] Tang, John C. and Minneman, Scott L. "Videodraw: A Video Interface for Collaborative Drawning", Proc. CHI '90, April 1990, pp. 313-320
  Video whiteboard system: actual video image of other user (or of user's hands) shown ion display aligned with whiteboard touchscreen, so that writing surface and video not separate. Actual drawing ink used: first user cannot use second user's ink, but this was advantageous for users to draw separate layers of drawing.
• [TaniguchiT90a] Taniguchi, Takashi; Kurasaki, Shoichi; and Oka, Koichiro "Pressure-sensitive Tablet", US Patent 4,963,417, October 16, 1990
  Pressure/force-sensitive tablet, resistive/conductive sheets with pressure-sensitive elastomeric layer between: small conductive particles in compressive material. Transparent on polyethersufones and polyesters, polyacrylic or polycarbonates for rigid member. ITO, tin-oxide, gold, paladium, chromium for electro-conductive membrane. 76% transmissivity perceived as transparent overlay. Claim 1 gives mathematical formula for deformability.
• [TaniishiS89a] Taniishi, Shinnosuke "Acoustic coordinate input device using a roughened surface to attenuate the surface wave component", US Patent 4,853,496, August 1, 1989
  Acoustic digitizer with roughened surface to reduce the surface acoustic wave (SAW) component: detection uses internal waves in the glass. Acoustic signal is generated by vibrating stylus.
• [TaoDK90a] Tao, Douglas K. "Automatic switching of motion control with tactile feedback", US Patent 4,947,097, August 9, 1990
  Describes jog/shuttle control knobs in prior art, mode change via push switch incorporated in the knob: teaches tactile feedback in shuttle mode to resist further turning of the knob at a predetermined limit.
• [TappertCC89] Tappert, Charles C. and Jeanty, H. H. "A Study of Several Accuracy-Improvement Methods for a Handwriting Recognition System", IBM Res. Rpt., IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, P. O. Box 704, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, November 1989
  Most promising feature algorithm for improving recognition over elastic matching is pairwise comparison (but NOT tuned by hand!). Features (beyond elastic matching) are heights of endpoints, relative stroke positions (min and max extents), line extension, relative width, etc. Most handwriting recognition error for other systems was transducer/stylus % error, user error (user wrote "wrong")!. Cites on study that handwriting on integrated tablet/display (electronic ink) sloppier than on separate tablet, much sloppier than on paper.
• [TappertCC90a] Tappert, C. C.; Suen, C. Y. and Wakahara, T. "On-line Handwriting Recognition - a Survey", manuscript in preparation, to appear in IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence: C. C. Tappert, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, 1990
  Historical development of elastic matching for script, discrete handwriting character recognition. See also 1988 conference paper. Commercial handwriting input systems listed.
• [TappertCC90b] Tappert, Charles C. "Rationale for Adaptive Online Handwriting Recognition", in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, C. Y. Suen, editor, Proc. Conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Concordia Univ., Montreal Canada, April 2-3, 1990, pp 13-22
• [TappertCC90c] Tappert, Charles C.; Suen, Ching Y. and Wakahara, Toru "The State of the Art in On-line Handwriting Recognition", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol 12 No 8, August 1990, pp 787-ff
  Comprehensive review of handwriting/gesture recognition technologies as of 1989. Gives historical remarks pen-computing in the 1950s, 1960's, 1970's, 1980's. Cited in Agulnick 295 patent.
• [TaxtT89a] Taxt, Torfinn; Flynn, Patrick J.; and Jain, Anil K. "Segmentation of Document Images", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol 11 No 12, December 1989, pp 1322-1329
  Statistical classifier to separate text and background images on documents. Document segmentation using contextual Bayes, Besag's, relaxation, Owen and Switzer, versus Haslett's classifiers: which is best varies.
• [TaxtT90a] Taxt, Torfinn; Olafsdottir, Jorunn B.; and Daehlen, Morten "Recognition of Handwritten Symbols", accepted for Jnl. Pattern Recognition, 1990
  OCR on handwriting with 98.6% and 97.7% accuracy. OCR of handwritten map symbols, using several edge detection, spline curve fits, Fourier expansion, and statistical classification (lower-case alphanumerics). OCR of handwritten lower-case alphanumeric using circular graphs.
• [Teh89] Teh, Cho-Huak and Chin, Roland T. "On the Detection of Dominant Points on Digital Curves", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol 11 No 8, August 1989, pp 859-872
  Scale-space filtering (size-dependent) of small features in machine vision. Keywords: chain code, curve tracing, polygonal approximation, tangential deflection. Points of high curvature are dominant features for pattern recognition. Lots of references on chain codes and curve tracing for machine vision.
• [Termiflex89] Termiflex Corporation "TouchGraf Keyless Keypad: the Next Generation of Flexible Terminals", 316 Daniel Webster Highway, Merrimack, NH 03054, March 1989
  Handwriting capture terminal product, separate digitizer built into a hand-held terminal: digitizer/touchpad and display separate.
• [TeulingsHL90a] Teulings, H. -L. "Handwriting movement control - Research into different levels of the motor system", Doctoral Thesis, Nigmeegs Instituut voor Cognitive-onderzoek en Informatietechnologie, Nijmegen, 1990
• [TeulingsHL90b] Teulings, H. -L. and Schomaker, L. R. B. "A Handwriting Recognition System Based on the Properties and Architectures of the Human Motor System", in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, C. Y. Suen, editor, Proc. Conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Concordia Univ., Montreal Canada, April 2-3, 1990, pp 195-ff.
  On-line recognition with a tablet give better results than off-line OCR grayscale recognition, because motor information available.
• [ThomsenEJ90a] Thomsen, Eik J. and Brennan, Patrick W. "Anti-Glare device for a computer terminal display tube", US Patent 4,253, 737, March 3, 1981
  Anti-glare optical screen of woven mesh. Mentions problem of Moire pattern and Newton rings. Cited in SunFlex where glare filter wire mesh also used for touchscreen.
• [TiburtiusB89a] Tiburtius, Bernd "Transparente Folientastaturen", Feinwerktechnik und Messtechnik, July 1998, no 7, pp. 299..300
  (In German)Overview of transparent touchpanels/touchpads and technologies. Capacitive and resistive sheet ("analog"), capacitive and resistive sensor array ("discrete"). Flexible materials (for Elographics-style resistive sheet), conductive silver ink (Silberleitfarbe) on polyester or polycarbonate substrate. Complains that capacitive touchscreens cannot be used with gloves or non-conductive stylus. Mentions analog (resistive sheet with spacer dots "Distanzhalter") and discrete (X/Y grid/mesh) resistive touchscreens.
• [TogawaF90a] Togawa, Fumio and Hirose, Hitoshi "Handwritten Character-Recognizing Apparatus for Automatically Generating and Displaying Character Frames", US Patent 4,953,225, August 28, 1990
  boxed/boxless recognition with boxes generated to right of current/previous handwriting character as user writes: automatic spacing of characters, stroke parsing / segmentation.
• [Toshiba89] Toshiba America Information Systems Inc. "Toshiba PenPC product information", Toshiba America press release November 3, 1989, 714-455-1707
  Pre-announced portable handwriting recognition product for ComDex 1989: kludged together from Linus, other parts? Includes separate announcement about Linus Technologies (Sklarew). DOS 3.3 OS. Mentions mouse emulation with touchscreen digitizer. Does not mention PenPoint or Pen Windows tablet computers.
• [TsuchiyaH90a] Tsuchiya, Huraki "Electronic Book", European Patent EP 0390611 A2, October 3, 1990
  Electronic book with update/loading by wireless communications or floppy-disk/laser card, etc. Described as a personal computer deprived of functionality such as full keyboard and printing. Page-turning user interface is small set of dedicated keys/buttons. Annotation? Shows fold-out device with two-part display; compare with Refalo?
• [Uncapher89] Uncapher, Kieth "Interview with Kieth Uncapher", Arthur L. Norberg, 10 July, 1989. Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Processing, Univ. Minnesota, Minneapolis. Available at www.cs.utexas.edu/users/umair/cs370/interviews/oh174ku.rtf
  Interview with Kieth Uncapher of RAND Corporation: mentions GRAIL system with electronic ink on the Rand tablet. Describes use of tablet for flow-chart and programming text entry. Describes invention of the disc drive (to replace the drum drive) as a result of this project. Mentions a video film showing the Rand tablet and handwriting recognition in operation in the 1960's. Rand tablet invented by Tom Ellis around 1966: also an earlier tablet by Herb Teager at Boston College (Graphacon?). Other work by Gabe Groner, and Bill Sibley.
• [Unser89] Unser, Michael and Eden, Murray "Multiresolution Feature Extraction and Selection for Texture Segmentation", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol 11 No 7, July 1989, pp 717-728
  Segmentation of textured images for machine vision: refers to Fisher's multiple linear discriminants and Karhunen-Loe`ve transform.
• [VanEmmerikMJGM90a] Van Emerik, Maarten J. G. M. "A Direct Manipulation Technique for Specifying 3D Object Transformations with a 2D Input Device", Computer Graphic Form 9, 1990, North-Holland, pp. 355..361
  Direct-manipulation-style 3D input from 2D input (e.g. mouse, tablet) by snapping (?) vector to nearest projection of 3D axes on 2D surface(?). Cites to Bier snap-dragging.
• [VanLeeuwen89] Van Leeuwen, H. C. "A development tool for linguistic rules", Computer Speech and Language, Vol 3 No 1, January 1989, pp 83-104
  Phonology, grapheme-to-phoneme conversion rules for text-to-speech.
• [VarianM89a] Varian, Melinda "VM and the VM Community: Past, Present, and Future", Proc. SHARE '89, August 1989, version August 1997
  Extensive history of development (including business politics) of SHARE VM and MVS operating systems. Cites to CTSS 1961 on IBM 09, earlier 1959 paper for time-sharing system. Early work on memory protection, security, address relocation. System/360, Multics.
• [Wacom89a] Wacom Inc. "Wacom PC Installation and Utilities Manual", Park 80 West Plaza II, Saddle Brook, NJ 07662, November 1989
  Describes emulation and multiple command sets for digitizer controller/driver. Digitizer tablet with absolute and relative (i.e. mouse) modes.
• [Wacom89b] Wacom Inc. "Super Digitizer product information", West 115 Century Road, Paramus NJ 07562, August 1989
  Product literature on Wacom force/pressure-sensitive pen stylus and cordless pen stylus tablet. Product literature describing Wacom cordless pen stylus using resonating coil in tablet digitizer. 1986 CIC memo lists a katakana and Roman and kanji system under development. Digitizer tablet with absolute and relative (i.e. mouse) modes.
• [Wacom89c] Wacom Inc. "Wacom SD-420 12x12 Cordless Digitizer / Super Digitizer, SD-320 15x15, SD-210 18x25", Wacom, 1989
  File contains additional product literature. Electromagnetic digitizer tablet with cordless, battery-free stylus and or cursor (puck). SP-300 pressure-sensitive stylus (draw wider lines). SD-421L has electrostatic adhesion surface to hold papers. Proximity == cursor reading height. Correspondence on WT-460M digitizer for handwriting character recognition -- other clients? Documented mouse compatibility mode for serial mouse. "Flight point system" to operate when in proximity.
• [Wacom90a] Wacom Inc. "Wacom Sapphire tablet and mouse", Wacom, 1990 (date approximate) (physical device)
  Electromagnetic tablet (Wacom), small format, pressure/force-sensing cordless stylus, also includes "mouse" -- mouse-styled wireless puck.
• [WalkerJT90a] Walter, Jame T. and Kausch, Marvin L. "Video Overlay Image Processing Apparatus", US Patent 4,954,970, September 4, 1990
  Overlay image on screen, using separate table *degree* of mixing (0 transparent to 1 opaque) for each pixel.: 1 is complete masking or protection.
• [WangJS89a] Wang, J. S. "And Electronic text-graphic editing system", European Patent EP0226018A2, May 9, 1989
  Text-graphic editing system includes mixed object editor which flows text around into irregularly shaped objects on page (for a mark-up language, like runoff for text composition in documents). Note: Date is for US counterpart US4829470, "Text flow around irregular shaped graphic objects".
• [WangLaboratories89a] Wang Laboratories "The Wang Freestyle System", Wang Laboratories product literature, 1989
  Sales info: Wang Freestyle: pen-computing electronic-ink and voice annotation, no character recognition. Used customized Hitachi tablet, with first (?) double-ended stylus with an eraser on the back end. Pure electronic ink and selection application system, with synchronized voice: interesting case of human communication. Standalone Demo diskette (5.25-inch).
• [WangLaboratories89b] Wang Laboratories "Freestyle: A Multimedia Conferencing System", Video: ACM CHI 1989 Issue 45 Video Presentations: Available (2009) from www.open-video.org/details.php?videoid=8067&surrogate=clip
  Video demonstration: Wang Freestyle: pen-computing electronic-ink and voice annotation, no character recognition.
• [WangLaboratories89c] Wang Laboratories "Wang Freestyle/Light Quick Reference", Wang Laboratories, 1989
  Description of Wang Fresstyle/Light. Annotator/annotation of screen shots / captured documents with electronic ink, mouse simulates stylus on tablet with Penci Point (left button) and Eraser (right button). Simulated copier, printer, scanner devices.
• [WangLaboratories89d] Wang Laboratories "Freestyle: Wang Freestyle User's Guide, Release 1.2", Wang Laboratories, Lowell Massachusetts, 1990
  User guide for Wang Freestyle: pen electronic-ink and voice annotation, no character recognition. Used customized Hitachi tablet, with first (?) double-ended stylus with an eraser on the back end. Describes image-only document (voice/electronic ink/imaging) data base using no handwriting recognition. No use of gestures: touch-and-drag (compare press-and-hold?) and tap/click gestures. Cited by Bill Buxton. Simulated/virtual FAX machine, integration to Wang and IBM Image Systems / OPEN/image-Windows, integrated into address book. Stylus called "Pencil". Virtual stapler for combining documents. Drag stapler icon to pages to staple, drag pages to virtual/simulated fax machine or email slot to send. Tracks history of all annotations, authors, dates.
• [WangLaboratories89e] Wang Laboratories "Wang Freestyle product/marketing literature", Wang Laboratories, Lowell Massachusetts, 1990
  Marketing brochures, press releases on Wang Freestyle.
• [WangLaboratories90a] Wang Laboratories "Freestyle: Wang Freestyle/Light User's Guide, Release 1.21", Wang Laboratories, Lowell Massachusetts, 1990
  User guide for Wang Freestyle: pen electronic-ink and voice annotation, no character recognition. Used customized Hitachi tablet, with first (?) double-ended stylus with an eraser on the back end. Describes image-only document (voice/electronic ink/imaging) data base using no handwriting recognition. No use of gestures: drag and tap/click gestures. Cited by Bill Buxton. Simulated/virtual FAX machine, integration to Wang and IBM Image Systems / OPEN/image-Windows, integrated into address book. Mouse simulate stylus: left button (configurable) for Pencil Point for annotation, right button for Eraser. Virtual stapler for combining documents.
• [WangLaboratories90b] Wang Laboratories "Freestyle: Take a look at the personal communication system you already know", Wang Laboratories, Lowell Massachusetts, 1990
  5.25-inch floppy demo of Wang Freestyle, with brochure explaining the Freestyle UI: pen electronic-ink and voice annotation, no character recognition.
• [WangLaboratories90c] Wang Laboratories "Equipment/Device: Wang Freestyle miniature keyboard ca. 1990", Wang Laboratories, 1990 (physical device)
  Small physical keyboard with pressure switches, suitable for activation with a stylus. Full 102-key keyboard, including function and shift keys. Intended to be used in conjunction with Freestyle tablet digitizer for Freestyle UI. Likely a prototype.
• [WangLaboratories90d] Wang Laboratories "Wang Freestyle Installation Guide, Release 1.2", Wang Laboratories 1990 (Partial copy)
  Installation guide for PC version of Wang Freestyle, handwriting/direct-manipulation office software with whiteboard and audio recording.
• [WangLaboratories90e] Wang Laboratories "Equipment/Device: Wang Freestyle "The Guide" portable tablet computers", Wang Laboratories "The Guide" notebook/pen computer, 1990 (physical device)
  Hardware prototype / early production run unit of Wang "The Guide" tablet computer, with virtual devices in firmware. No power supply, may or may not be operational.
• [WangPSP89a] Wang, P. S. P. and Zhang, Y. Y. "A Fast and Flexible Thinning Algorithm", IEEE Trans. Computers, Vol 38 No 5, May 1989, pp 741-745
  Compares and shows results of different skeletonization/thinning algorithms for character and arbitrary shapes.
• [WangPSP89b] Wang, P. S. P. "A New Approach for Chinese Handwriting Recognition", Proc. Int. Conf. on Electronic Imaging, Pasadena, pp. 373-379, 1989
  On-line (DCR.) recognition with very little system training/learning for Chinese. Chinese recognition using stroke angles in 22.5 degree ranges (chain codes?).
• [WardJR89a] Ward, Jean Renard "Testing tablet characteristics", Internal Report, Wang Laboratories, May 1989
  Technical instructions on testing tablets to reveal bad behaviors for electronic ink, handwriting character recognition. Describes differential vs. absolute error, spirograph tests, etc.
• [WardJR89b] Ward, Jean Renard "Tablet error mechanisms and performance analysis for Freestyle", Internal Report, Wang Laboratories, May 1989
  Technical instructions on testing tablets to reveal bad behaviors for electronic ink, handwriting character recognition. Describes differential vs. absolute error, spirograph tests, etc.
• [WardJR90a] Ward, Jean Renard and Kabel, Robert "The "How to" of Electronic Ink: Tablet Error Mechanisms and Performance Analysis for Handwriting Capture", Research report, Wang Laboratories, July 1990
  Descriptions of "bad behaviors" in digitizing tablets, engineering review of the effects, test procedures for showing the bad behaviors.
• [WardJR90b] Ward, Jean Renard "One View of On-going Problems in Handwriting Character Recognition", in Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, C. Y. Suen, editor, Proc. Conf. on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, Concordia Univ., Montreal Canada, April 2-3, 1990, pp 101-108
  Biggest obstacle to on-line handwriting recognition/gesture technology is lack of developed applications.
• [WareC89a] Ware, Colin and Baxter, Curtis "BAT Brushes: On the Uses of Six Position and Orientation Parameters in a Paint Program", Proc. 1989 CHI Conf. 1989, pp 155-160
  User-interface on simulating a brush with a stylus using stylus rotation angle, x/y/z digitizer tablet.
• [WatsonJS89a] Watson, James S. "Ground Switching Technique for Silkscreened Digitizer Grids", US Patent 4,853,499, August 1, 1989
  Ground switching in transparent electromagnetic digitizer using ink-on-glass, "passive stylus". Two-layer grid.
• [WattersonMR90a] Watterson, Michael R. and Schneiderman, Raoul "Cordless pen telephone handset", US Patent 4,969,180, November 6, 1990
  Pen/stylus includes microphone and earphone/speaker to be used as telephone handset. "Penphone". Separate keypad dialer with calculator/keyboard functions. Power management exits standby/low-power mode if button on stylus pressed, or much higher writing pressure/force. Pressure may be used to adjust volume.
• [WeberG90a] Weber, Gerhard "FINGER - A Language for Gesture Recognition", Proc. INTERACT '90, IFIP TC13 Third Int'l. Conf. on Human-Computer Interaction, Cambridge, UK, 27..31 August, 1990, 6 pp.
  User interface for the blind with tactile pin display and gestures. Refers to direct interaction (direct manipulation e.g. dragging) and indirect interaction (gestures). Declarative language for defining gestures (angles, parts of hands) and resulting commands.
• [WeberG90b] Weber, Gerhard "Two mice for blind user of the pin-matrix device", Proc. 6th Int'l. Workshop on computer Applications for the Visually Handicapped, Infovisic Magazine vol 4 no 3, pp. 1..13, 1990
  Touch-sensitive tactile braille display. Contrasts to "virtual" braille displays of single line that can be scrolled across a virtual screen. Discusses adaptation of windowing client ("X-Windows") to make accessible with display. Cites to earlier Active Touch, auditory icons, Kankaanpaa FIDS touchscreen display.
• [WenzelEM90a] Wenzel, Elizabeth M.; Fisher, Scott S.; Stone, Philip K.; and Foster, Scott H. "Virtual Acoustics Displays", Proc. Visualization '90, IEEE, San Francisco, October 23-26, 1990, pp. 10-20
  3D audible/acoustic display coordinated with real-time gesture, three-dimensional visual objects. Auditory cues/icons using Auditory Cue Editor. Artificial/virtual reality in general user interface. Three-dimensional psychophysical/psychoacoustic audio synthesized. Numerous references to Buxton, Foley, Egan for audio cues. Says haptic for force feedback cues would be desirable, but given "paucity" of good display (output) systems, auditory cues.
• [WhiteSR90a] White, Steve R. and Comerford, Liam "ABYSS: An Architecture for Software Protection", IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering, Vol 16 No 6, June 1990, pp. 619-629
  Software copy protection / rights authorization based on passing rights-to-execute vi a token. Enforcement by protected/secure (logically, physically, procedurally secure) processors, encrypted/secure communications between secure processors. Rights-to-execute can be time-limited, dependent on callers, etc. Use count enforced by limited number of use-once rights-to-execute. Can be extended to enforce additional terms of use (contract terms).
• [WiechaC89a] Weicha, Charles (chair); Bois, Stephen; Green, Mark; Hudson, Scott; and Myers, Brad "Panel: Direct manipulation or programming: how should we design interfaces?", Proc. 2nd ACM SIGGRAPH Symp. on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST '89, pp. 124-126
  Direct manipulation to create user interface vs. text specification: real question is how to combine these two.
• [Wikipedia89a] Wikipedia.org "OutSpoken", http://wikipedia.org, fetched 2016
  Screen reader OutSpoken for graphical user interfaces. Accessibility for blind/visually-impaired, product release for Macintosh 1989, Windows 3.1 1994. Only MacIntosh screen reader prior to VoiceOver. Off-screen document model.
• [WolfCG89a] Wolf, Catherine G.; Rhyne, J. R.; and Ellozy, H. A. "The paper-like interface", in "Designing and Using Human-Computer Interfaces and Knowledge-Based Systems", G. Salvendy and M. J. Smith, Eds., Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1989, pp 494-501
  Description of paper-like interface PLI projects at IBM: electrostatic/capacitive digitizer (Scriptel) over LCD display, exploration of gesture input. Video demonstration shown in IBM lobby. Gestures described as handmarkings for user-interface in spreadsheet (Lotus) and drawing applications. Music editing demonstration modelled after Buxton. Two-dimensional mathematics editing. Note: video demonstration filed under Ellozy88a.
• [WolfCL90a] Wolf, Chris L.; Maikowski, Michael F.; Martin, Winston N.; and Lindsley, Walter E. "System for selectively modifying code generated by a touch type keyboard upon detecting of predetermined sequence of make codes and break codes", US Patent 4,937,778, June 26, 1990
  Make use of roll-over on keyboard to use space bar as a shift key, by sequential decoding of make/break codes on keyboard keys.
• [WolfJF90a] Wolf, James F.; Miller, Granvill G.; Schacklette, Lawrence W.; Elsenbaumer, Ronald L.; and Baughman, Ray H. "Adjustable tint window with electrochromic conductive polymer", US Patent 4,893,908, January 16, 1990
  Conductive/resistive film between two layers of glass to make electrochromic window, alternatively sheet-like array/matrix/grid of substantially parallel or anti-parallel (mesh) wires. Cites to conductive metal oxide (ITO) and other transparent conductors, vendors Sierracin/Intrex and Leybold-Heraeus.
• [WolfeEW89a] Wolfe, Everett W. "Method of controlling the copying of software", US Patent 4,796,220, January 3, 1989
  Lock software to be executable only on a particular machine, using "footprint" (fingerprint) of hardware configuration.
• [WolffenbuttelRF89a] Wolffenbuttel, R. F. and Regtien, P. P. L. "Integrated Tactile Imager with an Intrinsic Contour Detection Option", Sensors and Actuators, Vol 16, 1989, pp. 141-153
  Capacitive grid touchpad/tactile imager, 9x9 pressure-sensitive capacitors with compression of non-conductive natural rubber layer between top square and common conductive rubber electrode.
• [WooA90a] Woo, Andrew; Poulin, Pierre; and Fournier, Alain "A Survey of Shadow Algorithms", IEEE CGA November 1990, pp. 13-32
  Rendering techniques for photorealistic shadows in virtual images. Some attempt to account for specular reflection, reflective properties of bumpy surfaces. Bump-mapping, particle shadows, polygonization.
• [WynneJR90a] Wynne, James R. Jr. "Touch Sensor with Touch Pressure Capability", US Patent 4,933,660, June 12, 1990
  Resistive sheet tablet with spacer dots: pressure/tip-force sensing by separate measurement of contact resistance between sheets. Relies in part on elastomeric bending of sheet between dots? Ratiometric adjustment, since resistance between sheets is lower if touching near edge.
• [YamadaK89a] Yamada, K.; Kami, H.; Tsukumo, J. and Temma, T. "Handwritten Numeral Recognition by Multi-layered Neural Network with Improved Learning Algorithm", Proc. Intl. Joint Conf. on Neural Networks, Washington, DC, June 18-22, 1989, Vol II pp 259-266
  OCR for handwritten numerals using neural network. Gives samples of low-quality, but real-world handwriting test data for numerics for OCR.
• [Yamaguchi89] Yamaguchi, Mikio and Sato, Koji "Optical Character Reader", US Patent 4,817,185, March 28, 1989
  Hand-held scanner for reading price tags.
• [YamanamiT90a] Yamanami, Tsuguya; Senda, Toshiaki; and Murakami, Azuma "Coordinates Input System", US Patent RE37,187, March 2, 1993
  Electromagnetic Wacom tablet digitizer with cordless stylus. (Reissued US Patent 4,786,765, November 22, 1988).
• [YanigerSI90a] Yaniger, Stuart I. and Rivers, James P. "Digitizer pad featuring spacial definition of a pressure contact area", US Patent 4,963,702, October 16, 1990
  Touch position sensor/touchpad. Two linear strips with resistance gradients in opposite directions. Where pressed together, ratiometric measurement to get position of both left and right edges of contact. Two such plies at 90% make a touchpad. (Why not just one ply? You know which conductor is touching.) Compare with musical instrument touch sensor?
• [YanivZ89a] Yaniv, Zvi; Catchpole, Clive; Cannella, Vincent D.; McGill, John C.; Prewarski, Mike; and Mulberger, Ronald G. "Solid state image detector and signal generator", US Patent 4,827,084, May 2, 1989
  Resistive-sheet touchscreen ("image detector"). Discusses voltage-division to determine X and Y position, need for linearization. Data rate 100 X+Y/second or 200 samples/second (X and Y), use diodes (current control means) to isolate X and Y measurements, effectively anisotropic resistance via distributed (multiple segments) diodes. Cites to copyboard/whiteboard application.
• [YoungDA90a] Young, Douglas A. "The X Window System: Programming and Applications with Xt: OSF/Motif Edition", Prentice-Hall, 1990 (hardcopy book)
  X-Windows programming: describes setting resource values (providing values) to affect the way a widget appears or behaves by specifying values for resources: XtSetValue, XtGetValues.
• [YoungJR89a] Young, James R. and Hammon, Robert W. "Method and apparatus for verifying an individual's identity", US Patent 4,805,222, February 14, 1989
  Authenticate user by keystroke dynamics/timing, using multiple features: timing between keystrokes, differences in pressure applied to keys (compare: pressure-sensitive keyboard).
• [YuSS90a] Yu, Shiaw-Shian and Tsai, Wen-Hsiang "A new thinning algorithm for gray-scale images by the relaxation technique", Pattern Recognition, Vol 23 No 10, October 1990 pp 1067-1077
  Uses chain codes context to preserve line straightness in line thinning: for sketch recognition? Straightness of lines very important in Chinese/Kanji character recognition.
• [ZandenBV90a] Zanden, Brad Vander and Myers, Brad A. "Automatic, Look-and-Feel Independent Dialog Creation for Graphical User Interfaces", Proc. CHI '90, April 1990, pp. 27-34
  Garnet system: Jade UI definition UIMS: UIMS supporting arbitrary looks and feels. Dialog box ore menu look and feel changed on the fly by switching look and feel databases. Jade obtains graphic information from (multiple) style files, example changing Garnet style dialog to OpenLook style, style can include changes to layout or graphics or adding elements, position of objects in dialog. Shows dynamically-changeable themes?
• [ZemelJN90a] Zemel, Jay N. "Impedance Tomographic Tactile Sensor", US Patent 4,980,646, December 25, 1990
  Tactile touchpad sensor e.g. for robotics, conductive/resistive fluid under flexible layer, elongated electrodes. AC voltage applied to outermost electrodes. Where pressed, fluid layer is thinner, thus greater resistance and change in voltage drop/profiles among/between electrodes. Title says tomographic/tomography.

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