http://sunsite.unc.edu/wm/paint/auth/vinci/ 
   This site provides a short summary of da Vinci�s most famous paintings, as well as offering scanned reproductions for viewing. da Vinci is also compared with three other great artists: Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titan. 

http://www.dyslexia.com/leonardo.htm 
   This site discusses how da Vinci�s dyslexia enhanced his creativity, because it forced him to think differently. 

http://library.advanced.org/13681/data/davin2.html 
   This site suggests answers to some interesting questions about da Vinci�s work, such as �Why is Mona Lisa smiling?� In doing this, it persuades the reader to think of the less commonly noticed aspects of da Vinci�s artwork. 

http://sulcus.berkeley.edu/FLM/SH/MDL/Invention/Davinci.Bio.html 
   Provides a short biography of da Vinci�s life as well as links to various other sites pertaining to some of his most well known works.  

http://www.ultranet.com/~rsarkiss/DAVINCI.HTM 
   A more extensive biography then any of the other web pages. Includes short descriptions of da Vinci�s works and their influence on society. 

Chastel, André. The Genius of Leonardo da Vinci: Leonardo da Vinci on Art and the Artist. New York: The Orion Press, 1961. 
   This book focuses on DaVinci�s artistic accomplishments. Separate chapters cover topics such as �The Projects�, �The Problems of the Painter�, and �The Painter�s Studio�, as well as others.  Also discussed is how DaVinci analyzed the world around him in the process of creating his artwork. 

McCurdy, Edward.  The Mind of Leonardo Da Vinci. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1928.  
   Beginning with DaVinci�s definition of �the painter�s primary purpose,� (Part Three: Painting) this book then goes on to describe the ways in which Da Vinci applied this principle to his 
artwork. Specific works are analyzed, as are the places in which DaVinci worked (Milan, Florence, etc.). Included are some examples of his lesser known works. 

Ackerman, James. �Leonardo DaVinci: Art in Science� Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 127.8 (1998): 207-224. 
   �Leonardo made the faculty of vision - or more precisely the gift of patience for intense observation - the foundation of both his scientific investigations and his work as a figural artist.� This article illustrates the ways in which both science and art played a large role in DaVinci�s life and how they interacted thereby allowing him a more open mind and wider imagination. 

Kemp, Martin. �Lisa�s Laws.� Nature 389.6653 (1997): 799. 
   This article discusses how DaVinci�s �work as an artist was informed by his insight into science, as his system of �natural laws� demonstrates.� The way in which DaVinci created his 
masterpieces, by using the laws of science, is the main focus of this article. �Every painted effect was, in theory, based on a natural law.�  

�About this Mona Lisa.� The Wilson Quarterly 15 (1991): 133. 
   This short editorial passage describes the mesmerizing effect of the Mona Lisa on the common man. As the Mona Lisa is often considered one of DaVinci�s finest artistic works, one can see that DaVinci�s art largely influences the public. 

Costa, Gustavo. �Leonardo Da Vinci and the Aesthetics of the Four Elements.� Symposium 37(1983): 171-85. 
   This article discusses the importance of imagination in art, and how this applies to DaVinci. Also discussed is the relevance of aesthetics in art and imagination and how this is portrayed in 
DaVinci�s artwork.  
 
 

http://www.museoscienza.org/english/leonardo/index.html 
   This was by far the best site.  This museum is located in Milan, Italy.  Fortunately, the site could be translated into English. The URL for the English page is what�s given here.  There is information on the many inventions of da Vinci, as well as pictures of many of his sketches of flying machines, war machines, water and land machines, and some city layouts to demonstrate his architectural skill.  Also included is information on his manuscripts, with his characteristic right to left dyslexic handwriting.   

http://www.davinci-days.org/ 
   If you have the patience to withstand the extremely slow connection, you�ll get a great site.  In Corvallis, Oregon, there is a yearly celebration of Leonardo�s achievements, in conjunction with a showcase of artistic and scientific resources in the Willamette Valley.  Better yet, this year�s theme happens to be flight.  

http://www.mos.org/leonardo 
   Developed by the Museum of Science, Boston, this site is dedicated to portraying da Vinci as both scientist and artist.  There is a multimedia zone with little games to illustrate principles like perspective and vanishing point, as well as information on flying machines, etc.  What caught my attention on the main page of this site was that when you move the mouse, Leonardo�s eyes follow it!!! 

http://www.amnh.org/Exhibition/past.html
http://www.usatoday.com/life/science/general/lsx010.htm
   A site for the American Museum of Natural History.  It is about the museum�s exhibit of Leonardo�s Codex Leicester, an original manuscript detailing many of his scientific ideas.  Topics covered include light, the moon, flight, and some of his experiments.  All of it is written in his trademark handwriting.  

�Aviation.�  The Harper Encyclopedia of Science.  Ed. James R. Newman.  Washington, D.C.: Harper and Row, 1963.  Vol. 1.  
*** See explanation under �Helicopters�. 
  
Bjerklie, David.  �The Art of Renaissance Engineering.�  MIT�s Technology Review Jan./Feb.1998: 54-9. 
*** This article discusses many of the machines of the Renaissance, not only da Vinci�s.  It explores the concept of the �artist-engineer�, an individual who used his artistic talent in the 
sciences to design practical crafts.  Da Vinci reached the pinnacle of �artist-engineer�-dom, stated the article.  �It was Leonardo da Vinci who initiated the most ambitious expansion in the role of artist-engineer, progressing from astute observer to inventor to theoretician.� (Bjerklie 58) 

da Vinci, Leonardo.  The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci. Trans. Edward MacCurdy.  New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, year unknown.  
*** The actual notebooks of the great Renaissance man, translated by the author of another of my sources.  There are entire units on machines and flight.  Leonardo studied birds closely, the effects of air currents and wing designs.  There are also descriptions of how to operate his flying machines, complete with diagrams.  

Fisher, Arthur.  �Leonardo�s Lost Robot.� Popular Science Sept. 1997: 84-6. 
*** In this article, the machine-like qualities Leonardo saw in the human body are explored. Mark Roshein, president of a design corporation in Minneapolis, used da Vinci�s designs as an inspiration for robots, and several other things to help today�s space programs.  So in other words, da Vinci�s scientific ideas are still in use today. 

�Helicopters.�  The Harper Encyclopedia of Science.  Ed. James R. Newman.  Washington, D.C.: Harper and Row, 1963.  Vol. 2. 
*** These two related articles detail the history of flying machines in general, starting as far back as the Daedalus/ Icarus myth.  Both entries note that Leonardo�s designs were mostly of vertical air-screw flying machines, closely resembling helicopters and not airplanes.  Also explained is his 1505 treatise on flight, which is quoted in other parts of this annotated bibliography.  
  
Kemp, Martin.  Leonardo da Vinci: The Marvellous works of Nature and Man.  Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981. 
*** Again, an analysis of da Vinci�s uccello (meaning bird, his name for the flying machines).  But here, too, are his studies on trajectory and other realms of physics that allowed him to construct some of the day�s deadliest war machines.  Leonardo observed that �the �continuance� of a mill wheel�s motion �necessitates but little force�.  Newton�s law of inertia does not seem far away,� (Kemp 144) Leonardo was centuries ahead of his time scientifically. 

McCurdy, Edward.  The Mind of Leonardo da Vinci.  New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1928.  
*** Several chapters of this book were useful.  For instance, in the aviation chapter, Leonardo�s analysis of bird wings is given in detail.  �A bird is an instrument working according to mathematical law, which instrument it is within the capacity of man to reproduce with all its movements, but not with a corresponding degree of strength, though it is deficient only in the power of maintaining equilibrium.  We may therefore say that such an instrument constructed by man is lacking in nothing except the life of the bird, and this life must needs be supplied from that of man.� (McCurdy 259-60) That is from the Codex Atlanticus.  There are diagrams of his study of wings and other machines. 

Simms, D.L.  �Archimedes� weapons of war and Leonardo.�  The British Journal for the History of Science. 21.6(Jun. 88): 195-210.  
*** An in depth examination of Leonardo�s war machine designs, focusing on Architronito, a steam cannon.  The design for Leonardo�s cannon was inspired by someone from earlier yet: 
Archimedes.  Leonardo�s studies with trajectory allowed him to improve upon the centuries- old design of Archimedes.