C++ language
来自cppreference.com
< cpp
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这是一份C++语言结构的简单参考。
目录 |
[编辑] 一般性主题
[编辑] 预处理器
[编辑] 注释
[编辑] 关键字
[编辑] ASCII表
[编辑] 转义序列
[编辑] C++历史
[编辑] 程序流控制
[编辑] 条件执行语句
条件语句根据给定的表达式的值执行不同的代码路径。
Original:
Conditional statements execute different code paths according to the value of given expression.
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- if有条件地执行代码Original:ifexecutes code conditionallyThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - switch执行代码的整体参数的值Original:switch executes code according to the value of an integral argumentThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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[编辑] 迭代语句
迭代语句多次执行一个代码路径。
Original:
Iteration statements execute a code path multiple times.
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- for 通过制定初始化，比较和增量执行循环。Original:for executes loops by specifying initialization, comparison, and incrementThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - range-for 在某个范围内执行循环（C++11 起）Original:range-for executes loops over a range（C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - while 执行循环，并在每次迭代之前检查是否符合条件Original:while executes loop, checking condition before each iterationThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - do-while 执行循环，并在每次迭代后检查是否符合条件Original:do-while executes loop, checking condition after each iterationThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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[编辑] 跳转语句
跳转语句使程序在不同的位置执行.
Original:
Jump statements continue program execution at a different location.
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- continue跳过封闭的循环体的剩余部分Original:continue skips the remaining part of the enclosing loop bodyThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - break结束的封闭循环Original:break terminates the enclosing loopThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - goto在其他位置继续执行Original:goto continues execution in another locationThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - return终止执行的封闭功能Original:return terminates execution of the enclosing functionThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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[编辑] 函数
可以在程序中的不同的位置重复使用的相同代码。
Original:
The same code can be reused at different locations in the program.
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- 函数声明 声明函数Original:function declarations declare functionsThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - lambda函数声明 声明lambda函数（C++11 起）Original:lambda function declarationsdeclare lambda functions（C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 函数模板 声明函数模板Original:function templatesdeclare function templatesThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 内联限定符提示编译器将函数体直接插入到调用代码处Original:inline specifier hints that the compiler insert a function's body directly into the calling codeThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 异常规范宣布，该函数将引发特定的异常（过时了）Original:exception specifications declare that a function throws only specific exceptions （过时了）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - noexcept说明声明或不是一个函数是否抛出任何异常（C++11 起）Original:noexcept specifier declares whether or not a function throws any exceptions （C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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[编辑] 异常
例外的是一个更强大的方式来发出错误信息。函数的返回代码或全局错误变量的条件比.
Original:
Exceptions are a more robust way to signal error condition than function return codes or global error variables.
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- throw表达式信号错误和错误处理程序将控制权转移Original:throw expressions signal errors and transfer control to error handlersThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - try-catch块从特定的代码块捕获异常Original:try-catch blocks catch exceptions originating from specific blocks of codeThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - noexcept说明和 noexcept操作定义和测试，如果表达式抛出异常（过时了）Original:The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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[编辑] 命名空间
命名空间提供了一种在大型项目以避免名称冲突的方法。
Original:
Namespaces provide a way to prevent name clashes in large projects.
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- 命名空间声明 声明命名空间Original:namespace declarationsdeclare namespacesThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 命名空间别名 为已经存在的命名空间声明作为替代的名称Original:namespace aliases declare alternate names for existing namespacesThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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[编辑] 类型
- 基本类型 定义基本的字符型，整型和浮点类型Original:fundamental types define basic character, integer and floating point typesThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 指针类型 定义一个存储内存位置的类型Original:pointer types define types holding a memory locationThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - compound types 定义有几个数据成员（本质上是相同的“类”）的类型Original:compound types define types that hold several data members (essentially the same as class)The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 枚举类型定义类型能够保持只有一个指定的值Original:enumeration types define types that are able to hold only one of the specified valuesThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 联合类型定义，可容纳数表示的数据的类型Original:union types define types that can hold data in several representationsThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 函数类型定义函数调用签名，那是类型的参数和返回类型Original:function types define function call signatures, that is the types of arguments and the return typeThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - decltype说明相当于一个表达式（C++11 起）类型定义了一个类型Original:decltype specifier defines a type equivalent to the type of an expression （C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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[编辑] 限定符
- cv限定符指定类型的常量性和波动性Original:cv specifiers specify constness and volatility of typesThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 存储时间说明符指定类型的存储时间Original:storage duration specifiers specify storage duration of typesThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - constexpr说明指定的变量或函数的值可以在编译时（C++11 起）计算Original:constexpr specifier specifies that the value of a variable or function can be computed at compile time （C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 自动符指定的表达，分配给变量（C++11 起）的实际类型应定义Original:auto specifier specifies that the actual type shall be defined from the expression, assigned to the variable （C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - alignas说明指定的变量的存储空间应保持一致的具体数额（C++11 起）Original:alignas specifier specifies that the storage for the variable should be aligned by specific amount （C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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[编辑] 初始化
每当命名的变量的声明，每当创建一个临时对象，新对象的初始值是通过以下机制之一
Original:
Whenever a named variable is declared, and whenever a temporary object is created, the initial value of the new object is provided through one of the following mechanisms:
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- 默认的初始化发生时没有初始化Original:default initialization occurs when no initializer is providedThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 值初始化发生时的初始值是一个空的括号Original:value initialization occurs when the initializer is an empty set of parenthesesThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 零初始化 初始化的对象的每一个位到零Original:zero initialization initializes every bit of the object to zeroThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 复制初始化 初始化一个对象从另一个对象Original:copy initialization initializes an object from another objectThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 直接初始化 提供初始值或构造函数的参数列表中，在括号中Original:direct initialization provides the initial value or the list of constructor arguments, in parenthesesThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 集合初始化 没有构造一个数组或结构的每一个成员提供初始值Original:aggregate initialization provides initial values to every member of an array or a struct without a constructorThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 表初始化 提供了一个任意长度的值列表，它可以初始化一个std::vector或std::map（C++11 起）Original:list initialization provides an arbitrary long list of values, which can initialize a std::vector or std::map （C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 常数初始化 恒定的静态对象初始化之前任何东西Original:constant initialization initializes all constant static objects before anything elseThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 参考电压的初始化 绑定对象的引用，延长寿命临时Original:reference initialization binds references to objects and extend the lifetimes of the temporariesThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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[编辑] 常值
文字是一个C++程序，代表恒定值，在源代码中嵌入的标记.
Original:
Literals are the tokens of a C++ program that represent constant values, embedded in the source code.
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- 整数文字是十进制，八进制或十六进制数字的整数类型.Original:integer literals are decimal, octal, or hexadecimal numbers of integer type.The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 字符文字是单个字符类型char，char16_t，char32_t，或wchar_tOriginal:The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 浮点文字类型float，double，或long double的值Original:The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 字符串文字的字符序列，这可能是狭隘的，多字节或宽Original:string literals are sequences of characters, which may be narrow, multibyte, or wideThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 布尔文字是值类型bool，这是true和falseOriginal:The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - nullptr文字的指针，它指定一个空指针（C++11 起）Original:nullptr is the pointer literal which specifies a null pointer value （C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 用户自定义的文字用户指定的类型是恒定值（C++11 起）Original:user-defined literals are constant values of user-specified type （C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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[编辑] 表达式
符和操作数指定的计算表达式可以是一个序列。表达可能会导致一个值，并可能引起副作用.
Original:
An expression is a sequence of operators and operands that specifies a computation. An expression can result in a value and can cause side effects.
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- 价值类型（左值，右值，glvalue，prvalue，xvalue）分类表达它们的值Original:value categories (lvalue, rvalue, glvalue, prvalue, xvalue) classify expressions by their valuesThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 为了评价的参数和子表达式指定的顺序在中间结果Original:order of evaluation of arguments and subexpressions specify the order in which intermediate results are obtainedThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - operators允许使用的语法中常见的数学Original:operators allow the use of syntax commonly found in mathematicsThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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| Common operators | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 分配 | incrementNJdecrement | 算术 | 合乎逻辑的 | 比较 | memberNJaccess | 其他 |
|
a = b |
++a |
+a |
!a |
a == b |
a[b] |
a(...) |
| Special operators | ||||||
|
static_cast将一种类型转换到另一个兼容的类型
Original: static_cast converts one type to another compatible type The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. dynamic_cast将虚基类到派生class
Original: dynamic_cast converts virtual base class to derived class The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. const_cast转换类型兼容型，与不同的cvqualifiers
Original: The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. reinterpret_cast转换类型不兼容的type
Original: reinterpret_cast converts type to incompatible type The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. new个分配memory
Original: new allocates memory The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. delete会释放memory
Original: delete deallocates memory The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. sizeof查询的大小的type
Original: sizeof queries the size of a type The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. sizeof...查询的大小的参数组（C++11 起）
Original: The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. typeid查询的类型一个type
信息 Original: typeid queries the type information of a type The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. noexcept进行检查，，如果的表达可以抛出一个异常（C++11 起）
， Original: The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. alignof查询类型（C++11 起）对齐要求
Original: alignof queries alignment requirements of a type （C++11 起） The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. | ||||||
- 运算符的优先级 定义运营商绑定的顺序，他们的论点Original:operator precedence defines the order in which operators are bound to their argumentsThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - {{tr| 另一种表示形式其他一些运营商的拼写 |<div class="t-tr-text"> alternative representations</div> are alternative spellings for some operatorsOriginal:{{{2}}}The text has been machine-translated via [http://translate.google.com Google Translate].
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[编辑] 实用工具
类型
Original:
Types
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- typedef声明创建同义词的类型Original:typedef declarations create synonyms for typesThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 键入别名报关单创建同义词的类型Original:type alias declarations create synonyms for typesThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 属性定义变量（C++11 起）其他信息Original:attributes define additional information about variables （C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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强制转换
Original:
Casts
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- 标准的转换的隐式转换为另一种类型Original:standard conversions implicit conversions from one type to anotherThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. -
const_cast转换 -
static_cast转换 -
dynamic_cast转换 -
reinterpret_cast转换 - 显式转换转换使用C风格的转换符号和功能符号Original:explicit cast conversion using C-style cast notation and functional notationThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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内存分配
Original:
Memory allocation
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- 新的表达动态分配内存Original:new expression allocates memory dynamicallyThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 删除的表情动态地释放内存Original:delete expression deallocates memory dynamicallyThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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[编辑] 类
类提供了面向对象编程的概念在C + +
Original:
Classes provide the concept of object-oriented programming in C++.
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- 类的声明声明类Original:class declarations declare classesThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. -
this指针的当前实例中的类成员方法Original:thispointer links to the current instance of a class in member methodsThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 访问符确定类成员的可见性Original:access specifiers determine visibility of class membersThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 朋友说明授予访问权限的私有/受保护的部分非会员的类或函数Original:friend specifier grants access privileges to private/protected parts for non-member classes or functionsThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 初始化列表初始化类成员的数据Original:initializer lists initialize class member dataThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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[编辑] 类特定的功能特性
- 虚函数的说明声明一个函数是虚拟的Original:virtual function specifier declares that a function is virtualThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 覆盖说明声明一个虚函数重写另一个虚拟function.（C++11 起）Original:override specifier declares that a virtual function overrides another virtual function.（C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 最后说明声明一个虚函数不能被覆盖一个继承class.（C++11 起）中Original:final specifier declares that a virtual function can not be overridden in a inheriting class.（C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 明确的功能说明声明构造函数或转换运算符不能用于隐式转换（C++11 起）Original:explicit function specifier declares that a constructor or conversion operator can not be used in implicit conversions （C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 静态函数说明声明一个函数不使用类的数据Original:static function specifier declares that a function does not use class dataThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - CV功能说明声明一个成员函数只能用于品种限定对象Original:cv function specifier declares that a member function can only be used on cv qualified objectsThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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[编辑] 特殊的成员函数
- 默认构造函数 初始化的对象默认内容Original:default constructor initializes the object with default contentsThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - copy constructor初始化的对象与另一个对象的内容Original:copy constructor initializes the object with the contents of another objectThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 移动的构造函数初始化其他临时对象的内容的对象，最大限度地减少复制开销（C++11 起）Original:move constructor initializes the object with the contents of other, temporary object, minimizing copying overhead （C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 赋值运算符替换的对象与另一个对象的内容的内容Original:assignment operator replaces the contents of the object with the contents of another objectThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 移动赋值运算符替换其他临时对象的内容的对象的内容，最大限度地减少复制开销（C++11 起）Original:move assignment operator replaces the contents of the object with the contents of other, temporary object, minimizing copying overhead （C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 析构函数版本声称资源Original:destructor releases claimed resourcesThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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[编辑] 模板
允许函数和类，泛型类型的操作
Original:
Allows functions and classes to operate on generic types
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- 类模板声明声明一个类模板Original:class template declaration declares a class templateThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 函数模板的声明声明一个函数模板Original:function template declaration declares a function templateThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 模板特化定义了一个现有的用于特定类型的模板Original:template specialization defines an existing template for a specific typeThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 参数包允许模板类型列表中的使用（C++11 起）Original:parameter packs allows the use of lists of types in templates （C++11 起）The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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[编辑] 优化
- 因为如果规则 可以不改变任何代码转换的输出Original:The as-if rule allows any code transformation that doesn't change the outputThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 复制省略 ，包括RVO和NRVO，使传递的值在许多情况下，首选的方法.Original:Copy elision, including RVO and NRVO, makes pass-by-value the preferred approach in many situations.The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. - 空基类优化 多重继承，接口或策略类的开销，并须为标准布局类型.Original:Empty base optimization makes multiple inheritance from interfaces or policy classes overhead-free and is required for standard-layout types.The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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[编辑] 杂项
- 内联汇编允许使用的汇编代码，，沿着C + +代码Original:Inline assembly allows the use of assembly code alongside C++ codeThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate.
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