NetBSD Documentation: Other FAQs and HOWTOs

General questions about NetBSD

• What changed between NetBSD releases?
• Is NetBSD exportable from the US?
• For what is NetBSD used?

User configuration

• Adding a user
• Changing the information displayed via finger?
• Problems logging in as, or 'su'ing to, root
• Adding something to your path
• Setting something for all users
• Cursor key editing or filename completion in a shell
• Specifying a language for messages

Printing and Scanning

• Printing man pages as PostScript
• Printing to a remote SMB printer from NetBSD
• Configuring a HP JetDirect Card via DHCP
• Why doesn't sh suppress the "burst" page on an HP JetDirect?
• Scanning under NetBSD

Disks & Filesystems

• Adding a disk to an existing system
• Moving /usr from root to a different partition
• How to mount a 'read-only' filesystem read/write?
• When is it safe to use fsck?
• For what is /kern used?
• For what is /proc used?
• Encrypted swap with cgd(4)

Boot-Related Questions

• What is single-user mode? Why and how should you use it?
• How to switch from single-user to multi-user
• How to read the boot messages?
• How to shutdown the machine?
• How to reboot the machine?
• Starting a program at boot time

Memory/Swap Configuration

• How much swap space
• Adding more swap to a running system
• Tuning Virtual Memory to improve performance on low-memory systems

Common (and less common) problems

• /usr/bin/nroff: not found when running 'man'
• 'Unable to lock mailbox: Permission denied' when reading mail
• netstat: kvm_read kvm_read: Bad address when running 'netstat -r'
• When I try 'netstat -r' I get an endless stream of question marks. What's wrong?
• w, ps, and netstat do not work after upgrading to a new kernel
• After changing kernels, 'ps' reports "proc size mismatch"
• 'hash map "Alias0":unsafe map file /etc/aliases: No such file or directory' is displayed
• How do I prevent portmap messages from showing up in shells, when logged in as root
• How do I get umlauts and other localised characters displayed?

Other Questions

• How does Bluetooth support in NetBSD work?
• Editing files under NetBSD
• Rebuilding /dev
• Connecting a UPS to a NetBSD system
• After changing /etc/motd something reset it to its original contents
• Where to sell NetBSD related hardware?
• Setting up a striped (ccd) drive
• Utility for editing or creating console bitmap fonts?

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General questions about NetBSD

What changed between NetBSD releases? (top)

A relatively up-to-date list of all changes (including those in NetBSD-current) is available.

There is also a CHANGES file in the top level directory of each release, and maintained online for previous and the next release.

Is NetBSD exportable from the US? (top)

Previously, the (US) domestic portion of NetBSD (both binaries and sources) containing code based on DES (such as KerberosIV, the bdes command etc.) have not been legally exportable from the United States or Canada.

Some time early in January 2000, the Bureau of Export Administration (BXA) of the US Department of Commerce published a new set of export regulations covering the export of cryptographic software. The new export regulations are more lenient in permitting export of cryptographic source code, but require that the BXA be notified when code is made available.

The NetBSD Project has now sorted out the details of this issue, and the outcome is as follows:

Other use or export is no longer restricted.

For what is NetBSD used? (top)

In the words of Chris G. Demetriou (cgd@NetBSD.org):

Please see About the NetBSD Project page for more information.

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User configuration

Adding a user (top)

You can use the useradd(8) command to add users. Editing /etc/passwd will not work. If you want to edit the password database, use vipw(8). See pwd_mkdb(8) for more information.

Changing the information displayed via finger? (top)

Use the chfn(1) and chsh(1) commands, or use vipw(8) to edit /etc/master.passwd

Problems logging in as, or 'su'ing to, root (top)

This covers a number of possible problems:

Adding something to your path (top)

For example, to add /usr/X11R7/bin to your path, edit the file .login in your home directory and add the following:

set path = ( /usr/X11R7/bin $path )

This only works for the C-shell csh(1), and derivatives such as shells/tcsh. For sh(1) and derivatives (like shells/bash2), the correct syntax is:

PATH=/usr/X11R7/bin:$PATH
export PATH

Setting something for all users (top)

You can set something for all users running csh(1) or shells/tcsh by adding it to one of the following files:

Cursor key editing or filename completion in a shell (top)

This depends on the type of shell you are using:

Specifying a language for messages (top)

NetBSD uses the 'LANG' environment variable determine which language to use for error messages and suchlike. This can be set in csh or tcsh with the command 'setenv LANG XX' where XX is the two letter country code. For a list of supported codes type 'ls /usr/share/nls'.

Please note: Only certain messages have been translated. To test, set the LANG variable and type

  cd /a_directory_that_does_not_exist

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Printing and Scanning

Printing man pages as PostScript (top)

Man pages are held in nroff(1) source in /usr/share/man/manX/manpage.X, where X is the section number (eg: 1 in the case of nroff). To convert them into PostScript one can use:

groff -Tps -mandoc /usr/share/man/manX/manpage.X

For example to convert the ls(1) man page into PostScript and send it directly to the default printer via lpr(1) you can use.

groff -Tps -mandoc /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1 |lpr

If you wish to print on a different type of printer you may want to use the print/ghostscript package from pkgsrc.

Printing to a remote SMB printer from NetBSD (top)

Please see this page for details.

Configuring a HP JetDirect Card via DHCP (top)

If you have a JetDirect print server such as the JetDirect EX Plus, you can use dhcpd(8) under NetBSD to configure the print server. The steps are: Create an entry in /etc/dhcpd.conf for the JetDirect server:

options jd-tftp-cfg		code 144 = string;
options jd-tftp-server		code 150 = string;

allow				bootp;

# [...]

host hp690c {
	fixed-address		hp690c;			# set to the DNS name or address of the JetDirect
	hardware ethernet	00:60:b0:00:11:22;	# set to the MAC address of the JetDirect
	option	log-servers	servername;		# set to the DNS name or address of log server
	option	jd-tftp-server	servername;		# set to the DNS name or address of tftp server
	option	jd-tftp-cfg	"hpnp/hp690c.cfg";	# name of the JetDirect config file
}

See dhcpd.conf(5) for more information on this file.

Make sure that tftpd is enabled in /etc/inetd.conf, Note the argument to "-s" on the tftp line of /etc/inetd.conf. This is the tftpd(8) root directory. For the rest of this example it is assumed that the tftpd(8) root directory is set to /tftpboot.

Make sure that dhcpd is enabled in /etc/rc.conf.

Next create a Network Printer Interface (NPI) configuration file. In this example, the file is /tftpboot/hpnp/hp690c.cfg. This file should look something like:

name: printer name
location: Location of the Printer
contact: Contact Person
idle-timeout: 1800
banner: 0

If you made changed to /etc/inetd.conf, make sure inetd(8) re-reads inetd.conf(5) by doing kill -HUP `cat /var/run/inetd.pid`. When you reboot the JetDirect print server (or printer with HP JetDirect card), the server should get configured by DHCP. On some printers, you may have to explicitly enable BOOTP/DHCP configuration from the front panel.

Why doesn't sh suppress the "burst" page on an HP JetDirect? (top)

The "burst" page is a function of the host with the locally attached printer, or in this case, the dedicated hardware emulating lpd(8). When NetBSD is used as a remote spooler, with rm, it never adds an additional burst page. The JetDirect's "burst" page is an unusual feature in a dedicated device. HP (TM) actually calls it a "trailer". You can disable it as above, by setting banner: 0, or simply telnet to port 23 of the device, and issue the command banner 0, then quit.

Some JetDirect units may need their firmware upgraded to add the banner command. You will need to use the appropriate JetDirect network management tools available from HP to do this. You may need to set the SNMP read and write community strings to known values in order to perform this upgrade. To set these, use the following lines in the NPI configuration file.

get-community-name: read-password
set-community-name: write-password

(See the above section on configuring the JetDirect cards with DHCP.) Just be aware of the security ramifications of leaving these entries in a publicly available (via TFTP) configuration file...

Scanning under NetBSD (top)

NetBSD supports various different SCSI scanners using the graphics/sane-backends scanning package. Frontends for accessing the API provided by that package are in the graphics/sane-frontends package, or it can be called directly by graphics tools such as the graphics/gimp.

Note: in versions of NetBSD before 1.4.2 the in kernel ss(4) scanner driver may cause problems with graphics/sane-backends and some scanners - the solution is either to recompile a kernel without ss(4) and use the uk(4) device, or to upgrade to 1.4.2 or later.

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Disks & Filesystems

Adding a disk to an existing system (top)

Moving /usr from root to a different partition (top)

How to mount a 'read-only' filesystem read/write? (top)

Use mount(8)'s -u (update) switch: 'mount -u /'. More than likely, you booted single-user which mounts the root filesystem read-only by default. This gives you a chance to run fsck by hand before bringing the system up into multi-user. One other way to mount all the filesystems in /etc/fstab as read/write is to use 'mount -a'.

However, the best way to do this is to go into multi-user mode by exiting from your single-user shell. This will mount all of the filesystems in /etc/fstab in whatever mode they are listed.

When is it safe to use fsck? (top)

Only use fsck(8) on an unmounted or read-only filesystem. Running fsck(8) on a r/w filesystem is dangerous and could corrupt the filesystem. If you bring the system up into single-user mode, the system will be mounted read-only. From there you can do an 'fsck -p' to check all filesystems before bringing the system up into multi-user mode. If the filesystem has previously been marked "clean," and you still want to check it, you can use the -f flag to fsck(8).

If you do make any changes to the filesystem using fsck, it is probably best to type 'reboot -n' to reboot the machine immediately without syncing the disks.

For what is /kern used? (top)

It is used for mounting the kernfs filesystem. See the mount_kernfs(8) manual page.

For what is /proc used? (top)

It is used for mounting the procfs filesystem. Consult The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD UNIX Operating System by Leffler, McKusick, et al., p. 104-5, 436. Also see the mount_procfs(8) manual page.

This is normally used by creating a '/proc' directory as root, then adding the following to /etc/fstab (see fstab(5)):
/proc /proc procfs rw 0 0

Encrypted swap with cgd(4) (top)

Since the topic of swap encryption pops up from time to time, this information could be useful for some people who are interested in encrypting their swap space but are not sure how to set it up.

Currently there is one limitation, cgd devices are created with disklabel containing only one slice marked as 4.2BSD which is not suitable for swapping into. This is the reason why using cgd drive as a swap device is not straightforward. Roland Dowdeswell is looking into this and it should be resolved in the near future.

A real world example: Our swap device wd0b will be configured as cgd1, using 256 bit aes-cbc key. Step by step instructions follows:

  1) generate a paramsfile for the cgd device.  the default file would be
     /etc/cgd/wd0b but i will use /etc/cgd/swap for better illustration:

     # cgdconfig -g -V none -k randomkey aes-cbc > /etc/cgd/swap

  2) configure the cgd device over wd0b, (make sure wd0b is not used as a
     swap device at this moment):

     # cgdconfig cgd1 /dev/wd0b /etc/cgd/swap

  3) edit disklabel for cgd1, we need to create a valid swap slice.  save
     the disklabel to a file:

     # disklabel -e -I cgd1

     # /dev/rcgd1d:
     type: cgd
     disk: cgd
     label: default label
     flags:
     bytes/sector: 512
     sectors/track: 2048
     tracks/cylinder: 1
     sectors/cylinder: 2048
     cylinders: 128
     total sectors: 263655
     rpm: 3600
     interleave: 1
     trackskew: 0
     cylinderskew: 0
     headswitch: 0           # microseconds
     track-to-track seek: 0  # microseconds
     drivedata: 0

     4 partitions:
     #        size    offset     fstype  [fsize bsize cpg/sgs]
      d:    263655         0     4.2BSD      0     0     0   # (Cyl.    0 - 128*)

     create a swap slice and change label (that's not really necessary, just for
     our information):

     # /dev/rcgd1d:
     type: cgd
     disk: cgd
     label: swap
     flags:
     bytes/sector: 512
     sectors/track: 2048
     tracks/cylinder: 1
     sectors/cylinder: 2048
     cylinders: 128
     total sectors: 263655
     rpm: 3600
     interleave: 1
     trackskew: 0
     cylinderskew: 0
     headswitch: 0           # microseconds
     track-to-track seek: 0  # microseconds
     drivedata: 0

     4 partitions:
     #        size    offset     fstype  [fsize bsize cpg/sgs]
      a:    263655         0       swap                      # (Cyl.    0 - 128*)

     and save it to a file:

     # disklabel cgd1 > /etc/cgd/swap.disklabel

  4) set up the cgd device to be configured automatically at boot.  add the
     following line into your /etc/cgd/cgd.conf:

     cgd1 /dev/wd0b /etc/cgd/swap

  5) now we need to restore our disklabel to the newly created cgd device at
     boot time.  create /etc/rc.conf.d/cgd with this simple function:

     swap_device="cgd1"
     swap_disklabel="/etc/cgd/swap.disklabel"
     start_postcmd="cgd_swap"

     cgd_swap()
     {
             if [ -f $swap_disklabel ]; then
                     disklabel -R -r $swap_device $swap_disklabel
             fi
     }

  6) add the cgd device into /etc/fstab as a swap device:

     /dev/cgd1a none swap sw 0 0

That's all. Now you can activate your swap partition with 'swapctl -a /dev/cgd1a' or just reboot.

What you see above is a setup from my laptop.

   Device      1K-blocks     Used    Avail Capacity  Priority
   /dev/cgd1a     131827     8828   122999     7%    0

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Boot-Related Questions

What is single-user mode? Why and how should you use it? (top)

'single-user' mode is when the kernel has booted, but only runs a single shell on the console. If you boot single-user only the root filesystem will be mounted, and it will be mounted read-only. Among the many uses for single-user mode are:

You can enter single-user mode by running 'shutdown now' as root on a running system, or by booting the system with the '-s' flag (the method for doing this varies from port to port).

Once booted single-user you may find some of the following commands useful:

How to switch from single-user to multi-user (top)

Exit the single-user shell with "exit" or ctrl-D.

The system will boot up to multi-user mode, starting all kind of services, etc. Note that disks are not checked when going from single-user to multi-user mode!

How to read the boot messages? (top)

The system message buffer can be displayed with dmesg(8). This is usually (in 1.4 and later) automatically stored in /var/run/dmesg.boot immediately after each boot. If kernfs (see mount_kernfs(8)) is enabled, as in install kernels, you can also more /kern/msgbuf.

How to shutdown the machine? (top)

To drop back into single-user mode, use 'shutdown now'. To halt the machine, use 'shutdown -h now'. On some ports, you may need to use 'shutdown -p now' to actually power off the machine. Please see the shutdown(8) manual page for complete details.

How to reboot the machine? (top)

Use 'shutdown -r now' or 'reboot'. See the shutdown(8) or reboot(8) manual pages for further details.

Starting a program at boot time (top)

To start programs at system boot time, any commands can be added to /etc/rc.local, which will be ran at the end of the boot process.

As an alternative mostly for non-root users, the Vixie cron(8) (used in NetBSD)'s special @reboot time specification can be used to start a given program at cron(8) startup time, which usually coincides with the system booting. This also allows users without root privileges to run commands automatically at startup.

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Memory/Swap Configuration

How much swap space (top)

On older unix systems it was recommended to have twice as much swap space as RAM. This was because active pages in RAM had to have pages allocated in swap, effectively limiting the total virtual memory to the size of the swap space. On NetBSD this is no longer true, so total virtual memory is approximately swap + RAM.

Under NetBSD there are three primary uses for swap space:

The 'correct' value for swap is dependent on the usage of the system, but for some general rules:

Adding more swap to a running system (top)

Systems should be configured with sufficient swap space, as per the How much swap entry.

There are three ways to add swap to a configured system:

Tuning Virtual Memory to improve performance on low-memory systems (top)

According to a post by Simon Burge on the tech-kern list, it is possible to greatly improve the performance of small-memory machines by tweaking the virtual memory settings. While it is in your best interests to read his entire post and decide for yourself what your settings should be, the gist is that you'll want to run sysctl -w vm.anonmax=95. According to the sysctl(3) page, this changes "The percentage of physical memory which will be reclaimed from other types of memory usage to store anonymous application data."

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Common (and less common) problems

/usr/bin/nroff: not found when running 'man' (top)

You need to install the 'text' set, text.tgz. See your base install notes.

'Unable to lock mailbox: Permission denied' when reading mail (top)

Check the permissions on the /var/mail directory. They should be 'drwxrwxrwt':

% ls -ld /var/mail
drwxrwxrwt  2 root  wheel  512 Nov  6 08:21 /var/mail

If they are not, as root run 'chmod 1777 /var/mail'.

netstat: kvm_read kvm_read: Bad address when running 'netstat -r' (top)

This is nothing to worry about. Basically, the file /netbsd is not your current kernel. A number of programs (such as ps, who, systat etc.) and libkvm kvm(3), access /netbsd to learn what's going on in the kernel. So you can simply rename your current kernel to /netbsd to make this kind of error go away. Make sure that you are not overwriting a working kernel when you do this, though, unless that is exactly what you intend to do.

When I try 'netstat -r' I get an endless stream of question marks. What's wrong? (top)

That's a mis-match between libkvm/netstat and /netbsd. Or it's that you're running a kernel that's not named /netbsd. Other symptoms of this problem are likely to be that who, ps, ifconfig, and systat will not work either. If you update your binaries and your kernel at the same time, then you should be OK.

w, ps, and netstat do not work after upgrading to a new kernel (top)

One of two things. Either your currently booted kernel isn't named /netbsd or else you have a mismatch between your kernel and the binaries you are using. In the first case, simply making a link from your currently booted kernel to /netbsd will solve the problem.

In the second case, dynamically linked binaries can usually be fixed by upgrading libkvm to match your new kernel. Statically linked binaries need to be replaced with more recent versions. Since they are statically linked, if you are going to recompile them yourself, you need to rebuild libkvm.a before you rebuild the program in question.

Thanks to John Wittkowski (jpw@netscape.com), here is a list of most of the programs (besides /bin/ps) that depend on libkvm (all of these are in /usr/bin):

After changing kernels, 'ps' reports "proc size mismatch" (top)

Like the previous three questions on this subject, the answer is most likely that your libkvm is out of sync with your kernel or binaries. To solve this problem, you can either get a binary distribution which matches your kernel, or you can build you own by following the instructions below:

If you get the "proc size mismatch" error and you determine
that you need to update your libs, here's what to do:

1. Get all the source code. If you're not willing to do this
   and recompile things than you'll have to find someone who
   will do it for you and you can try installing everything
   by hand.

2. Make sure that your include files are up to date. Do
   this by:
      cd /usr/src
      make includes
   This will take a while. I had some trouble with this
   because some of the Makefiles didn't have the INSTALL
   variable defined. Whenever the "make includes" failed,
   I went to the last directory listed and added the
   following line to the Makefile:
      INSTALL=/usr/bin/install
   I had to do this several times before the make finished
   without any errors.

   (If you make sure that /usr/bin/make and all the files in
   /usr/share/mk are up to date first, the above difficulties
   can probably be avoided)

3. Rebuild the libkvm and install it:
      cd /usr/src/lib/libkvm
      make
      make install
   Note that in order to get the libkvm to compile on
   my system I had to add the following link:
      cd /usr/include/machine
      ln -s ../m68k/kcore.h kcore.h
   This may have been a quirk of my system so try
   compiling without it first.

4. Then rebuild the binaries that are STATICALLY linked to
   libkvm. The only statically linked program that I am
   aware of is "/bin/ps". To rebuild ps, simply:
      cd /usr/src/bin/ps
      make
      make install

5. You may or may not need to rebuild the binaries that
   are dynamically linked to libkvm. This is because (I
   think) if the major version number of the lib changes
   then the old binaries will expect the old version
   number and not work with the newer version of the lib.
   For example, my old libkvm was libkvm.so.4.0. The new
   one was libkvm.so.5.0. Without recompiling the
   dynamically linked binaries, it would still complain
   about "proc size mismatch" (if the 4.0 lib was still
   there) or some lib missing error (if the 4.0 lib
   had been removed from /usr/lib). If the version minor
   number changes (4.0 to 4.1, for example), I think it
   will run with a warning and so you may not need to
   recompile all of these things.

   The dynamically linked binaries that I am aware of
   will give the  "proc size mismatch" error (if the 4.0
   lib was still there) or some lib missing error (if the
   4.0 lib had been removed from /usr/lib). If the version
   minor number changes (4.0 to 4.1, for example), I think
   it will run with a warning, and you may not need to
   recompile all of these things.

   The dynamically linked binaries that I am aware of
   are:
      /usr/bin/fstat
      /usr/bin/gdb
      /usr/bin/ipcs
      /usr/bin/netstat
      /usr/bin/nfsstat
      /usr/bin/systat
      /usr/bin/uptime (linked to /usr/bin/w)
      /usr/bin/vmstat
      /usr/bin/w
   Note that /usr/bin/uptime is a link to /usr/bin/w and
   will be set up properly when you do the "make install"
   for w.

   To recompile these, do the following:
      cd /usr/src/usr.bin/<cmd>
      make
      make install
   For example, to recompile /usr/bin/vmstat:
      cd /usr/src/usr.bin/vmstat
      make
      make install

Much thanks to John Wittkowski (jpw@netscape.com) for providing such a detailed answer for this one.

A little background: the reason that these system utilities need to grovel through kernel memory to get information, including going through all the trouble mentioned above, is that this method also works on kernel crash dumps, which can be quite a useful feature when debugging kernels.

'hash map "Alias0":unsafe map file /etc/aliases: No such file or directory' is displayed (top)

You can fix this by typing 'newaliases' as root.
Sendmail reports this when the aliases(5) file is not present. Note that sendmail(8) actually uses /etc/aliases.db (which is a fast lookup hash(3) map built from /etc/aliases), so the error message can be a little misleading. This should only really be noticed in NetBSD 1.3 to 1.4, other versions have a different /etc/sendmail.cf which instructs sendmail to automatically rebuild /etc/aliases.db as needed. If you are not running at least NetBSD 1.4.1 you should probably upgrade to a newer formal release.

How do I prevent portmap messages from showing up in shells, when logged in as root (top)

Use security/sudo and never log in as root.

If you must log in as root, then you can edit your /etc/syslog.conf file and remove the necessary facilities to prevent the annoying messages. In most cases, it's sufficient to disable auth.debug in the line reading:

*.notice;auth.debug                                     root

This will eliminate those annoying portmap [pid]: connect from some.other.host ... messages. Be sure to kill -HUP the pid of your syslogd process.

You may also wish to look at the FAQ entry for using an xconsole.

How do I get umlauts and other localised characters displayed? (top)

Per default, NetBSD has already numerous locales installed. You can find them in /usr/share/locale. Choose the locale most suitable for your location and set the LC_ALL environment variable accordingly. Note that it is not sufficient to set LC_ALL to, say, ``de_DE'', but that you should use the full locale, such as ``de_DE.ISO8859-15''.

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Other Questions

How does Bluetooth support in NetBSD work? (top)

The first official NetBSD version that comes with Bluetooth support is NetBSD 4.0.

Editing files under NetBSD (top)

There are two obvious options in the base system:

There are a large number of editors available under the editors category in pkgsrc, including:

Rebuilding /dev (top)

The /dev directory contains the necessary device files for accessing hardware and pseudo devices. If it becomes damaged, much strangeness can ensue. To rebuild the /dev directory, you should first boot single-user (it should be possible to perform while multiuser, but this is not recommended), then:

mkdir /newdev
cd /newdev
cp /dev/MAKEDEV /newdev/MAKEDEV
sh MAKEDEV all
cd /
mv dev olddev; mv newdev dev
rm -r olddev

Connecting a UPS to a NetBSD system (top)

Connecting one is trivial, but monitoring it such that the NetBSD can shut down cleanly when the power is about to fail requires a little more:
Simon J. Gerraty has a page on using a APC Smart-UPS. If you are writing your own software to talk to the UPS you will probably need to set the softcar flag via tcsetattr(). Wolfgang Rupprecht has researched the field briefly:

After changing /etc/motd something reset it to its original contents (top)

If you delete the header of /etc/motd, the startup process will overwrite your changes on boot. This can be disabled by setting update_motd=NO in /etc/rc.conf, in which /etc/motd will not be touched at all, and you can change it at will.

Where to sell NetBSD related hardware? (top)

For occasional items you can generally post to a given port's mailing list, and to netbsd-forsale@mono.org. If you would be willing to donate any hardware to assist in the development of NetBSD you should check the Hardware contributions page, or contact finance-exec@NetBSD.org.

Setting up a striped (ccd) drive (top)

Disk striping can either be done with RAIDframe or ccd(4) in NetBSD. Here is how to use ccd(4):

See the ccd(4) and ccdconfig(8) man pages for more information.

Utility for editing or creating console bitmap fonts? (top)

Install the sysutils/pcvt-utils package. It provides fed and fontedit: two font editors that can also be used on the fonts in /usr/share/wscons/fonts.