Computer Network - Cheat Sheet

A bus topology, also called a line topology, is a type of network topology in which all network devices are connected through a central RJ-45 network cable or coaxial cable.

A ring topology is a type of network topology in which each device is connected to two other devices on either side using RJ-45  or coaxial cables.

A star topology is a network topology in which each element of the network is physically connected to a central node such as a router, hub, or switch. In a star topology, hubs act as servers, and connecting nodes act as clients.

In a mesh topology, each node is connected to at least one other node and often to multiple nodes. Each node can send and receive messages from other nodes.

A tree topology is a hybrid network topology in which star networks are interconnected by bus networks. Tree networks are hierarchical and each node can have any number of child nodes.

A hybrid topology is a type of network topology that uses two or more different network topologies. These topologies can include mixed bus topologies, mesh topologies, ring topologies, star topologies, and tree topologies.

Personal  Network is a network consisting of only a small number of devices owned by an individual.

A local area network is a network that covers a small area (for example, a company's network).

A wide Area Network is a network that includes many devices and covers a large area. Usually collectively owned.

MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. It is a computer network that connects a findnumber of LANs to form a larger network so that the computer resources can be shared.

A family of protocols that specify how devices on the same network segment format and transmit data.

A family of protocols that deal with wireless transm­ission.

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Splits data into packets (reassembles later). Error checking is also included, as the acknowledgment is expected to be sent within a specified timeframe.

User Datagram Protocol

Every device has an IP address. Packets are "addressed" to ensure they reach the correct user.

Used to access web pages from a web server.

 uses encryption to protect data.

File Transfer Protocol: Handles file uploads and downloads, transferring data and programs.

SMTP server has a database of user email addresses. Internet Message Access Protocol: Handles incoming mail.

Internet Message Access Protocol: Process incoming mail.

ARP finds a host's hardware address (also known as MAC (Media Access Control) address) based on its known IP address.

DNS is the host name for the IP address translation service. DNS is a distributed database implemented on a hierarchy of name servers. It is an application layer protocol for messaging between clients and servers.

FTPS is known as FTP SSL which refers to File Transfer Protocol (FTP) over Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) which is more secure from FTP. FTPS also called as File Transfer Protocol Secure.

POP3 is a simple protocol that only allows downloading messages from your Inbox to your local computer.

Session Initiation Protocol was designed by IETF and is described in RFC 3261. It’s the protocol of application layer that describes the way to found out Internet telephone calls, video conferences and other multimedia connections, manage them and terminate them.

The SMB protocol was developed by Microsoft for direct file sharing over local networks.

SNMP is an application layer protocol that uses UDP port numbers 161/162. SNMP is also used to monitor networks, detect network errors, and sometimes configure remote devices.

SSH (Secure Shell) is the permissions used by the SSH protocol. That is, a cryptographic network protocol used to send encrypted data over a network.

VNC stands for Virtual Network Communication.

Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is a powerful technique for building distributed client-server based applications. It is based on extending traditional calls to local procedures so that the called procedure does not have to be in the same address space as the calling procedure.

NFS uses file handles to uniquely identify the file or directory on which the current operation is being performed. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to provide error control. Used for reporting errors and administrative queries.

Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP) to provide an error control. It is used for reporting errors and management queries.

Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a network protocol used by network management to assign IP addresses to each member of that network in order to join other network devices through a main server.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an application layer protocol. DHCP is based on a client-server model, based on discoveries, offers, requests, and ACKs.

Network Address Translation (NAT) is the process of translating one or more local IP addresses into one or more global IP addresses, or vice versa, in order to provide Internet access to local hosts.

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is basically an asymmetric protocol suite for various connections or links without framing. H. Raw bit pipe. PPP also expects other protocols to establish connections, authenticate users, and carry network layer data as well.

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a dynamic routing protocol that uses hop count as a routing metric to find the best path between source and destination networks.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol used to find the best path between a source and destination router using its own shortest path first).

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a dynamic routing protocol used to find the best path and deliver packets between any two Layer 3 devices.

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a protocol used to exchange Internet routing information and is used between ISPs in different ASes.

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used to create a loop-free network by monitoring the network, tracking all connections, and shutting down the least redundant connections.

RARP, stand for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, is a computer network-based protocol used by client computers to request IP addresses from a gateway server's Address Resolution Protocol table or cache.

The D-channel LAPD or Link Access Protocol is basically the Layer 2 protocol normally required for the ISDN D-channel. It is derived from the LAPB (Link Access Protocol Balanced) protocol.

IP Security (IPSec) is a standard suite of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) protocols between two communication points on IP networks to provide data authentication, integrity, and confidentiality. It also defines encrypted, decrypted, and authenticated packets.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the standard character encoding used in telecommunications. The ASCII representation "ask-ee" is strictly a 7-bit code based on the English alphabet. ASCII codes are used to represent alphanumeric data.

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Encoded Decimal Interchange Code) (pronounced "ehb-suh-dik" or "ehb-kuh-dik") is an alphanumeric binary code developed by IBM to run large-scale computer systems .

X.25 is an International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) protocol standard simply for Wide Area Network (WAN) communications that basically describes how the connections among user devices and network devices are established and maintained. 

High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) commonly uses the term "frame" to denote units or logs of units of data that are frequently transmitted or transmitted from one station to another, express. Each frame on the link must start and end with a flag sequence field (F).

SLIP stands for Serial Line Internet Protocol. It is a TCP/IP implementation which was described under RFC 1055 (Request for Comments).

Link Access Procedure (LAP) is basically considered as an ITU family of Data Link Layer (DLL) protocols that are subsets of High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC). LAP is particularly derived from IBM’s System Development Life Cycle (SDLC).

Network Control Protocol (NCP) is a set of protocols that are part of Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

Mobile IP is a communication protocol (created by extending the Internet Protocol, IP) that allows a user to move from one network to another using the same her IP address.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allowing you to make voice calls over a broadband Internet connection instead of an analog (regular) phone line. Some VoIP services allow you to call people using the same service, but others may allow you to call anyone.

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an internet protocol works on TCP/IP, used to access information from directories. LDAP protocol is basically used to access an active directory.

GRE or Generic Routing Encapsulation is a tunneling protocol developed by Cisco. It encapsulates IP packets i.e. deliverable inner packets into outer packets.

The HTTP headers Authorization header is a request type header that used to contains the credentials information to authenticate a user through a server. If the server responds with 401 Unauthorized and the WWW-Authenticate header not usually.

Encapsulation security payload, also abbreviated as ESP plays a very important role in network security. ESP or Encapsulation security payload is an individual protocol in IPSec.

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) is the underlying protocol of UseNet, which is a worldwide discussion system which contains posts or articles which are known as news.

DCOM- Distributed Component Object Model– helps remote object via running on a protocol known as the Object Remote Procedure Call (ORPC).

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is an Internet application that was developed by Jakko Oikarinen in Finland. Chat is the most convenient immediate way to communicate with others via Internet.

Any device, such as a workstation, laptop, tablet, or smartphone, that is used to access a network.

Provides resources to network users, including email, web pages, or files.

A Layer 1 device that does not perform any inspection of traffic. A hub simply receives traffic in a port and repeats that traffic out of all the other ports.

A Layer 2 device that makes its forwarding decisions based on the destination Media Access Control (MAC) address. A switch learns which devices reside off which ports by examining the source MAC address. The switch then forwards traffic only to the appropriate port, and not to all the other ports.

A Layer 3 device that makes forwarding decisions based on Internet Protocol (IP) addressing. Based on the routing table, the router intelligently forwards the traffic out of the appropriate interface.

Can operate at both Layer 2 and Layer 3. Also called a Layer 3 switch, a multilayer switch is a high-performance device that can switch traffic within the LAN and for- ward packets between subnets.

Media can be copper cabling, fiber-optic cabling, or radio waves. Media varies in its cost, bandwidth capacity, and distance limitation.

Modem is short for modulator/demodulator. An analog modem converts the digital signals generated by a computer into analog signals that can travel over conventional phone lines.

A digital modem used with high-speed DSL or cable Internet service. Both operate in a similar manner to the analog modem, but use higher broadband frequencies and transmission speeds.

A network device with a built-in antenna, transmitter, and adapter that provides a connection point between WLANs and a wired Ethernet LAN. APs usually have several wired RJ-45 ports to support LAN clients. Most small office or home office (SOHO) routers integrate an AP.

The frequency spectrum is divided into logical channels and each user has exclusive access to his channel. It transmits signals in several different frequency ranges and  multiple video channels over a single cable. Each signal is modulated onto a different carrier frequency and the carrier frequencies are separated by guard bands.

Each user  gets full bandwidth for a short period of time on a regular basis. The entire channel is dedicated to her one user, but only for a short  time.

This is the same as FDM but applied to fiber, with the difference  that here the operating frequency is much higher, actually  in the optical range. Due to its extremely high bandwidth, fiber optic has great potential.

In this method, after sending a frame, the station monitors the media to see if the transmission was successful. If successful, the transmission is terminated, otherwise the frame is retransmitted.

The basic idea behind CSMA/CA is that stations must be able to receive while transmitting in order to detect collisions from different stations. A collision in a wired network nearly doubles the energy of the received signal, allowing stations to detect a potential collision.

It was developed for wifi, but can also be used for shared media. Multiple stations can transmit data at the same time, which can  lead to collisions and data corruption.

In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive at the same time. In full-duplex mode, signals  in one direction share the capacity of the link with signals  in the other direction. This sharing can be done in two ways:

• Either the link must contain two physically separate transmission paths, one for sending and the other for receiving.
• Or the capacity is divided between signals traveling in both directions.