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| author | Alejandro Colomar <alx@kernel.org> | 2023-02-05 17:03:19 +0100 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Alejandro Colomar <alx@kernel.org> | 2023-02-05 17:03:21 +0100 |
| commit | b957f81fddf0d038c365bce226a677de6ceb1bbb (patch) | |
| tree | fbc19481b5548d067213ca2201a674682a53f192 | |
| parent | 75c018a1d6474ffa1779ac8e8d98ad865c255aee (diff) | |
| download | man-pages-b957f81fddf0d038c365bce226a677de6ceb1bbb.tar.gz | |
Many pages: Use \[aq] instead of \(aq
This improves readability in the source code, since it delimits where
the escape sequence ends.
Cc: наб <nabijaczleweli@nabijaczleweli.xyz>
Cc: "G. Branden Robinson" <g.branden.robinson@gmail.com>
Cc: Brian Inglis <Brian.Inglis@Shaw.ca>
Signed-off-by: Alejandro Colomar <alx@kernel.org>
221 files changed, 831 insertions, 831 deletions
diff --git a/man1/ldd.1 b/man1/ldd.1 index 72389ba628..cca96ec4de 100644 --- a/man1/ldd.1 +++ b/man1/ldd.1 @@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ Usage information. .\" .BR \-\-version . .\" .LP .\" The libc5 version of this program will use the name of a library given -.\" on the command line as-is when it contains a \(aq/\(aq; otherwise it +.\" on the command line as-is when it contains a \[aq]/\[aq]; otherwise it .\" searches for the library in the standard locations. .\" To run it .\" on a shared library in the current directory, prefix the name with "./". diff --git a/man1/pldd.1 b/man1/pldd.1 index de3e010a3a..3715c04239 100644 --- a/man1/pldd.1 +++ b/man1/pldd.1 @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ using a command such as the following .in +4n .EX $ \fBgdb \-ex "set confirm off" \-ex "set height 0" \-ex "info shared" \e\fP - \fB\-ex "quit" \-p $pid | grep \(aq\(ha0x.*0x\(aq\fP + \fB\-ex "quit" \-p $pid | grep \[aq]\(ha0x.*0x\[aq]\fP .EE .in .SH BUGS diff --git a/man2/add_key.2 b/man2/add_key.2 index df733f7585..56fc6d198d 100644 --- a/man2/add_key.2 +++ b/man2/add_key.2 @@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ Insufficient memory to create a key. .B EPERM The .I type -started with a period (\(aq.\(aq). +started with a period (\[aq].\[aq]). Key types that begin with a period are reserved to the implementation. .TP .B EPERM @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ was .I """keyring""" and the .I description -started with a period (\(aq.\(aq). +started with a period (\[aq].\[aq]). Keyrings with descriptions (names) that begin with a period are reserved to the implementation. .SH VERSIONS @@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ The following shell session demonstrates the use of the program: .EX $ \fB./a.out user mykey "Some payload"\fP Key ID is 64a4dca -$ \fBgrep \(aq64a4dca\(aq /proc/keys\fP +$ \fBgrep \[aq]64a4dca\[aq] /proc/keys\fP 064a4dca I\-\-Q\-\-\- 1 perm 3f010000 1000 1000 user mykey: 12 .EE .in diff --git a/man2/bpf.2 b/man2/bpf.2 index 2923262bfa..989e972f3c 100644 --- a/man2/bpf.2 +++ b/man2/bpf.2 @@ -190,11 +190,11 @@ union bpf_attr { struct { /* Used by BPF_PROG_LOAD */ __u32 prog_type; __u32 insn_cnt; - __aligned_u64 insns; /* \(aqconst struct bpf_insn *\(aq */ - __aligned_u64 license; /* \(aqconst char *\(aq */ + __aligned_u64 insns; /* \[aq]const struct bpf_insn *\[aq] */ + __aligned_u64 license; /* \[aq]const char *\[aq] */ __u32 log_level; /* verbosity level of verifier */ __u32 log_size; /* size of user buffer */ - __aligned_u64 log_buf; /* user supplied \(aqchar *\(aq + __aligned_u64 log_buf; /* user supplied \[aq]char *\[aq] buffer */ __u32 kern_version; /* checked when prog_type=kprobe @@ -1205,7 +1205,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) map_fd = bpf_create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, sizeof(key), sizeof(value), 256); if (map_fd < 0) { - printf("failed to create map \(aq%s\(aq\en", strerror(errno)); + printf("failed to create map \[aq]%s\[aq]\en", strerror(errno)); /* likely not run as root */ return 1; } diff --git a/man2/chdir.2 b/man2/chdir.2 index aef967acfc..0bbff4e878 100644 --- a/man2/chdir.2 +++ b/man2/chdir.2 @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ does not refer to a directory. POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, SVr4, 4.4BSD. .SH NOTES The current working directory is the starting point for interpreting -relative pathnames (those not starting with \(aq/\(aq). +relative pathnames (those not starting with \[aq]/\[aq]). .PP A child process created via .BR fork (2) diff --git a/man2/chown.2 b/man2/chown.2 index 44de340b3d..9684bec9e0 100644 --- a/man2/chown.2 +++ b/man2/chown.2 @@ -433,14 +433,14 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) uid_t uid; struct passwd *pwd; - if (argc != 3 || argv[1][0] == \(aq\e0\(aq) { + if (argc != 3 || argv[1][0] == \[aq]\e0\[aq]) { fprintf(stderr, "%s <owner> <file>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } uid = strtol(argv[1], &endptr, 10); /* Allow a numeric string */ - if (*endptr != \(aq\e0\(aq) { /* Was not pure numeric string */ + if (*endptr != \[aq]\e0\[aq]) { /* Was not pure numeric string */ pwd = getpwnam(argv[1]); /* Try getting UID for username */ if (pwd == NULL) { perror("getpwnam"); diff --git a/man2/chroot.2 b/man2/chroot.2 index a3c6fa108a..5f24ec4f01 100644 --- a/man2/chroot.2 +++ b/man2/chroot.2 @@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ files outside the chroot directory, you must ensure that folders are never moved out of it. .PP This call does not change the current working directory, -so that after the call \(aq\fI.\fP\(aq can -be outside the tree rooted at \(aq\fI/\fP\(aq. +so that after the call \[aq]\fI.\fP\[aq] can +be outside the tree rooted at \[aq]\fI/\fP\[aq]. In particular, the superuser can escape from a "chroot jail" by doing: .PP diff --git a/man2/clone.2 b/man2/clone.2 index 043cd8845f..3ca501b99d 100644 --- a/man2/clone.2 +++ b/man2/clone.2 @@ -195,9 +195,9 @@ struct clone_args { u64 pidfd; /* Where to store PID file descriptor (\fIint *\fP) */ u64 child_tid; /* Where to store child TID, - in child\(aqs memory (\fIpid_t *\fP) */ + in child\[aq]s memory (\fIpid_t *\fP) */ u64 parent_tid; /* Where to store child TID, - in parent\(aqs memory (\fIpid_t *\fP) */ + in parent\[aq]s memory (\fIpid_t *\fP) */ u64 exit_signal; /* Signal to deliver to parent on child termination */ u64 stack; /* Pointer to lowest byte of stack */ @@ -1903,8 +1903,8 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) sleep(1); /* Give child time to change its hostname */ - /* Display hostname in parent\(aqs UTS namespace. This will be - different from hostname in child\(aqs UTS namespace. */ + /* Display hostname in parent\[aq]s UTS namespace. This will be + different from hostname in child\[aq]s UTS namespace. */ if (uname(&uts) == \-1) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "uname"); diff --git a/man2/dup.2 b/man2/dup.2 index c65d153ae0..557c04ac77 100644 --- a/man2/dup.2 +++ b/man2/dup.2 @@ -244,23 +244,23 @@ Instead, code something like the following could be used: .PP .in +4n .EX -/* Obtain a duplicate of \(aqnewfd\(aq that can subsequently +/* Obtain a duplicate of \[aq]newfd\[aq] that can subsequently be used to check for close() errors; an EBADF error - means that \(aqnewfd\(aq was not open. */ + means that \[aq]newfd\[aq] was not open. */ tmpfd = dup(newfd); if (tmpfd == \-1 && errno != EBADF) { /* Handle unexpected dup() error. */ } -/* Atomically duplicate \(aqoldfd\(aq on \(aqnewfd\(aq. */ +/* Atomically duplicate \[aq]oldfd\[aq] on \[aq]newfd\[aq]. */ if (dup2(oldfd, newfd) == \-1) { /* Handle dup2() error. */ } /* Now check for close() errors on the file originally - referred to by \(aqnewfd\(aq. */ + referred to by \[aq]newfd\[aq]. */ if (tmpfd != \-1) { if (close(tmpfd) == \-1) { diff --git a/man2/futex.2 b/man2/futex.2 index ce6cf3044b..0fe2d60817 100644 --- a/man2/futex.2 +++ b/man2/futex.2 @@ -1800,7 +1800,7 @@ Child (18535) 4 Demonstrate the use of futexes in a program where parent and child use a pair of futexes located inside a shared anonymous mapping to synchronize access to a shared resource: the terminal. The two - processes each write \(aqnum\-loops\(aq messages to the terminal and employ + processes each write \[aq]num\-loops\[aq] messages to the terminal and employ a synchronization protocol that ensures that they alternate in writing messages. */ @@ -1828,7 +1828,7 @@ futex(uint32_t *uaddr, int futex_op, uint32_t val, timeout, uaddr2, val3); } -/* Acquire the futex pointed to by \(aqfutexp\(aq: wait for its value to +/* Acquire the futex pointed to by \[aq]futexp\[aq]: wait for its value to become 1, and then set the value to 0. */ static void @@ -1859,7 +1859,7 @@ fwait(uint32_t *futexp) } } -/* Release the futex pointed to by \(aqfutexp\(aq: if the futex currently +/* Release the futex pointed to by \[aq]futexp\[aq]: if the futex currently has the value 0, set its value to 1 and then wake any futex waiters, so that if the peer is blocked in fwait(), it can proceed. */ diff --git a/man2/ioctl.2 b/man2/ioctl.2 index ed3ec14802..f33f2c57c1 100644 --- a/man2/ioctl.2 +++ b/man2/ioctl.2 @@ -134,9 +134,9 @@ one or more ASCII letters were used. For example, .B TCGETS has value -0x00005401, with 0x54 = \(aqT\(aq indicating the terminal driver, and +0x00005401, with 0x54 = \[aq]T\[aq] indicating the terminal driver, and .B CYGETTIMEOUT -has value 0x00435906, with 0x43 0x59 = \(aqC\(aq \(aqY\(aq +has value 0x00435906, with 0x43 0x59 = \[aq]C\[aq] \[aq]Y\[aq] indicating the cyclades driver. .PP Later (0.98p5) some more information was built into the number. diff --git a/man2/ioctl_fat.2 b/man2/ioctl_fat.2 index b968b8acd7..0b5e643359 100644 --- a/man2/ioctl_fat.2 +++ b/man2/ioctl_fat.2 @@ -408,11 +408,11 @@ The following was recorded when applying the program to the directory .in +4n .EX $ \fB./fat_dir /mnt/user\fP -\[char46] \-> \(aq\(aq -\[char46]. \-> \(aq\(aq -ALONGF\(ti1.TXT \-> \(aqa long filename.txt\(aq -UPPER.TXT \-> \(aq\(aq -LOWER.TXT \-> \(aqlower.txt\(aq +\[char46] \-> \[aq]\[aq] +\[char46]. \-> \[aq]\[aq] +ALONGF\(ti1.TXT \-> \[aq]a long filename.txt\[aq] +UPPER.TXT \-> \[aq]\[aq] +LOWER.TXT \-> \[aq]lower.txt\[aq] .EE .in .\" @@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) /* * Write both the short name and the long name. */ - printf("%s \-> \(aq%s\(aq\en", entry[0].d_name, entry[1].d_name); + printf("%s \-> \[aq]%s\[aq]\en", entry[0].d_name, entry[1].d_name); } if (ret == \-1) { diff --git a/man2/ioctl_fslabel.2 b/man2/ioctl_fslabel.2 index 082b1c9831..a614c800e7 100644 --- a/man2/ioctl_fslabel.2 +++ b/man2/ioctl_fslabel.2 @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ This API is Linux-specific. .SH NOTES The maximum string length for this interface is .BR FSLABEL_MAX , -including the terminating null byte (\(aq\\0\(aq). +including the terminating null byte (\[aq]\\0\[aq]). Filesystems have differing maximum label lengths, which may or may not include the terminating null. The string provided to diff --git a/man2/ioctl_iflags.2 b/man2/ioctl_iflags.2 index 2578483ea4..573edf91e0 100644 --- a/man2/ioctl_iflags.2 +++ b/man2/ioctl_iflags.2 @@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ int attr; fd = open("pathname", ...); ioctl(fd, FS_IOC_GETFLAGS, &attr); /* Place current flags - in \(aqattr\(aq */ + in \[aq]attr\[aq] */ attr |= FS_NOATIME_FL; /* Tweak returned bit mask */ ioctl(fd, FS_IOC_SETFLAGS, &attr); /* Update flags for inode - referred to by \(aqfd\(aq */ + referred to by \[aq]fd\[aq] */ .EE .in .PP @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ The following flags are supported and .BR chattr (1)): .TP -.BR FS_APPEND_FL " \(aqa\(aq" +.BR FS_APPEND_FL " \[aq]a\[aq]" The file can be opened only with the .B O_APPEND flag. @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Only a privileged process .RB ( CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE ) can set or clear this attribute. .TP -.BR FS_COMPR_FL " \(aqc\(aq" +.BR FS_COMPR_FL " \[aq]c\[aq]" Store the file in a compressed format on disk. This flag is .I not @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ supported by most of the mainstream filesystem implementations; one exception is .BR btrfs (5). .TP -.BR FS_DIRSYNC_FL " \(aqD\(aq (since Linux 2.6.0)" +.BR FS_DIRSYNC_FL " \[aq]D\[aq] (since Linux 2.6.0)" Write directory changes synchronously to disk. This flag provides semantics equivalent to the .BR mount (2) @@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ This flag provides semantics equivalent to the option, but on a per-directory basis. This flag can be applied only to directories. .\" .TP -.\" .BR FS_EXTENT_FL " \(aqe\(aq" +.\" .BR FS_EXTENT_FL " \[aq]e\[aq]" .\" FIXME Some support on ext4? (EXT4_EXTENTS_FL) .TP -.BR FS_IMMUTABLE_FL " \(aqi\(aq" +.BR FS_IMMUTABLE_FL " \[aq]i\[aq]" The file is immutable: no changes are permitted to the file contents or metadata (permissions, timestamps, ownership, link count, and so on). @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ Only a privileged process .RB ( CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE ) can set or clear this attribute. .TP -.BR FS_JOURNAL_DATA_FL " \(aqj\(aq" +.BR FS_JOURNAL_DATA_FL " \[aq]j\[aq]" Enable journaling of file data on .BR ext3 (5) and @@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ mode, a privileged process can set this flag to enable journaling of data updates on a per-file basis. .TP -.BR FS_NOATIME_FL " \(aqA\(aq" +.BR FS_NOATIME_FL " \[aq]A\[aq]" Don't update the file last access time when the file is accessed. This can provide I/O performance benefits for applications that do not care about the accuracy of this timestamp. @@ -101,10 +101,10 @@ This flag provides functionality similar to the .B MS_NOATIME flag, but on a per-file basis. .\" .TP -.\" .BR FS_NOCOMP_FL " \(aq\(aq" +.\" .BR FS_NOCOMP_FL " \[aq]\[aq]" .\" FIXME Support for FS_NOCOMP_FL on Btrfs? .TP -.BR FS_NOCOW_FL " \(aqC\(aq (since Linux 2.6.39)" +.BR FS_NOCOW_FL " \[aq]C\[aq] (since Linux 2.6.39)" The file will not be subject to copy-on-write updates. This flag has an effect only on filesystems that support copy-on-write semantics, such as Btrfs. @@ -113,17 +113,17 @@ See and .BR btrfs (5). .TP -.BR FS_NODUMP_FL " \(aqd\(aq" +.BR FS_NODUMP_FL " \[aq]d\[aq]" Don't include this file in backups made using .BR dump (8). .TP -.BR FS_NOTAIL_FL " \(aqt\(aq" +.BR FS_NOTAIL_FL " \[aq]t\[aq]" This flag is supported only on Reiserfs. It disables the Reiserfs tail-packing feature, which tries to pack small files (and the final fragment of larger files) into the same disk block as the file metadata. .TP -.BR FS_PROJINHERIT_FL " \(aqP\(aq (since Linux 4.5)" +.BR FS_PROJINHERIT_FL " \[aq]P\[aq] (since Linux 4.5)" .\" commit 040cb3786d9b25293b8b0b05b90da0f871e1eb9b .\" Flag name was added in Linux 4.4 .\" FIXME Not currently supported because not in FS_FL_USER_MODIFIABLE? @@ -131,13 +131,13 @@ Inherit the quota project ID. Files and subdirectories will inherit the project ID of the directory. This flag can be applied only to directories. .TP -.BR FS_SECRM_FL " \(aqs\(aq" +.BR FS_SECRM_FL " \[aq]s\[aq]" Mark the file for secure deletion. This feature is not implemented by any filesystem, since the task of securely erasing a file from a recording medium is surprisingly difficult. .TP -.BR FS_SYNC_FL " \(aqS\(aq" +.BR FS_SYNC_FL " \[aq]S\[aq]" Make file updates synchronous. For files, this makes all writes synchronous (as though all opens of the file were with the @@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ For directories, this has the same effect as the .B FS_DIRSYNC_FL flag. .TP -.BR FS_TOPDIR_FL " \(aqT\(aq" +.BR FS_TOPDIR_FL " \[aq]T\[aq]" Mark a directory for special treatment under the Orlov block-allocation strategy. See @@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ for details. This flag can be applied only to directories and has an effect only for ext2, ext3, and ext4. .TP -.BR FS_UNRM_FL " \(aqu\(aq" +.BR FS_UNRM_FL " \[aq]u\[aq]" Allow the file to be undeleted if it is deleted. This feature is not implemented by any filesystem, since it is possible to implement file-recovery mechanisms outside the kernel. diff --git a/man2/ioctl_ns.2 b/man2/ioctl_ns.2 index 82d88231b2..b55c4df193 100644 --- a/man2/ioctl_ns.2 +++ b/man2/ioctl_ns.2 @@ -259,12 +259,12 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) fprintf(stderr, "\enDisplay the result of one or both " "of NS_GET_USERNS (u) or NS_GET_PARENT (p)\en" "for the specified /proc/[pid]/ns/[file]. If neither " - "\(aqp\(aq nor \(aqu\(aq is specified,\en" + "\[aq]p\[aq] nor \[aq]u\[aq] is specified,\en" "NS_GET_USERNS is the default.\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - /* Obtain a file descriptor for the \(aqns\(aq file specified + /* Obtain a file descriptor for the \[aq]ns\[aq] file specified in argv[1]. */ fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY); @@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) /* Obtain a file descriptor for the owning user namespace and then obtain and display the inode number of that namespace. */ - if (argc < 3 || strchr(argv[2], \(aqu\(aq)) { + if (argc < 3 || strchr(argv[2], \[aq]u\[aq])) { userns_fd = ioctl(fd, NS_GET_USERNS); if (userns_fd == \-1) { @@ -304,12 +304,12 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) /* Obtain a file descriptor for the parent namespace and then obtain and display the inode number of that namespace. */ - if (argc > 2 && strchr(argv[2], \(aqp\(aq)) { + if (argc > 2 && strchr(argv[2], \[aq]p\[aq])) { parent_fd = ioctl(fd, NS_GET_PARENT); if (parent_fd == \-1) { if (errno == EINVAL) - printf("Can\(aq get parent namespace of a " + printf("Can\[aq] get parent namespace of a " "nonhierarchical namespace\en"); else if (errno == EPERM) printf("The parent namespace is outside " diff --git a/man2/ioctl_tty.2 b/man2/ioctl_tty.2 index 6a90122501..fa4f653935 100644 --- a/man2/ioctl_tty.2 +++ b/man2/ioctl_tty.2 @@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ otherwise). In packet mode, each subsequent .BR read (2) will return a packet that either contains a single nonzero control byte, -or has a single byte containing zero (\(aq\e0\(aq) followed by data +or has a single byte containing zero (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) followed by data written on the slave side of the pseudoterminal. If the first byte is not .B TIOCPKT_DATA diff --git a/man2/kexec_load.2 b/man2/kexec_load.2 index b0cfb93654..f339aee86e 100644 --- a/man2/kexec_load.2 +++ b/man2/kexec_load.2 @@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ for the new kernel. The .I cmdline_len argument specifies size of the buffer. -The last byte in the buffer must be a null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). +The last byte in the buffer must be a null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). .PP The .I flags @@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ Two or more of the kernel target buffers overlap. .B EINVAL The value in .I cmdline[cmdline_len\-1] -is not \(aq\e0\(aq. +is not \[aq]\e0\[aq]. .TP .B EINVAL The file referred to by diff --git a/man2/keyctl.2 b/man2/keyctl.2 index 82553445d1..257efb7c8d 100644 --- a/man2/keyctl.2 +++ b/man2/keyctl.2 @@ -2065,7 +2065,7 @@ and ID .PP .in +4n .EX -$ \fBcat /proc/keys | egrep \(aqmykey|256e6a6\(aq\fP +$ \fBcat /proc/keys | egrep \[aq]mykey|256e6a6\[aq]\fP 0256e6a6 I\-\-Q\-\-\- 194 perm 3f030000 1000 1000 keyring _ses: 3 20d035bf I\-\-Q\-\-\- 1 perm 3f010000 1000 1000 user mykey: 16 .EE @@ -2177,7 +2177,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - auth_key_payload[akp_size] = \(aq\e0\(aq; + auth_key_payload[akp_size] = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; fprintf(fp, "Auth key payload: %s\en", auth_key_payload); /* diff --git a/man2/listxattr.2 b/man2/listxattr.2 index c417f9469f..b23c2ed906 100644 --- a/man2/listxattr.2 +++ b/man2/listxattr.2 @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ from the second call.) The .I list of names is returned as an unordered array of null-terminated character -strings (attribute names are separated by null bytes (\(aq\e0\(aq)), like this: +strings (attribute names are separated by null bytes (\[aq]\e0\[aq])), like this: .PP .in +4n .EX diff --git a/man2/lseek.2 b/man2/lseek.2 index bace879304..9859b349f1 100644 --- a/man2/lseek.2 +++ b/man2/lseek.2 @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ bytes. allows the file offset to be set beyond the end of the file (but this does not change the size of the file). If data is later written at this point, subsequent reads of the data -in the gap (a "hole") return null bytes (\(aq\e0\(aq) until +in the gap (a "hole") return null bytes (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) until data is actually written into the gap. .SS Seeking file data and holes Since Linux 3.1, Linux supports the following additional values for diff --git a/man2/memfd_create.2 b/man2/memfd_create.2 index a477afe512..769fc8b1fc 100644 --- a/man2/memfd_create.2 +++ b/man2/memfd_create.2 @@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) if (argc < 3) { fprintf(stderr, "%s name size [seals]\en", argv[0]); - fprintf(stderr, "\et\(aqseals\(aq can contain any of the " + fprintf(stderr, "\et\[aq]seals\[aq] can contain any of the " "following characters:\en"); fprintf(stderr, "\et\etg \- F_SEAL_GROW\en"); fprintf(stderr, "\et\ets \- F_SEAL_SHRINK\en"); @@ -461,21 +461,21 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) /* Code to map the file and populate the mapping with data omitted. */ - /* If a \(aqseals\(aq command\-line argument was supplied, set some + /* If a \[aq]seals\[aq] command\-line argument was supplied, set some seals on the file. */ if (seals_arg != NULL) { seals = 0; - if (strchr(seals_arg, \(aqg\(aq) != NULL) + if (strchr(seals_arg, \[aq]g\[aq]) != NULL) seals |= F_SEAL_GROW; - if (strchr(seals_arg, \(aqs\(aq) != NULL) + if (strchr(seals_arg, \[aq]s\[aq]) != NULL) seals |= F_SEAL_SHRINK; - if (strchr(seals_arg, \(aqw\(aq) != NULL) + if (strchr(seals_arg, \[aq]w\[aq]) != NULL) seals |= F_SEAL_WRITE; - if (strchr(seals_arg, \(aqW\(aq) != NULL) + if (strchr(seals_arg, \[aq]W\[aq]) != NULL) seals |= F_SEAL_FUTURE_WRITE; - if (strchr(seals_arg, \(aqS\(aq) != NULL) + if (strchr(seals_arg, \[aq]S\[aq]) != NULL) seals |= F_SEAL_SEAL; if (fcntl(fd, F_ADD_SEALS, seals) == \-1) diff --git a/man2/mmap.2 b/man2/mmap.2 index 873d8d660c..579a6e112e 100644 --- a/man2/mmap.2 +++ b/man2/mmap.2 @@ -978,7 +978,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) length = atoi(argv[3]); if (offset + length > sb.st_size) length = sb.st_size \- offset; - /* Can\(aqt display bytes past end of file */ + /* Can\[aq]t display bytes past end of file */ } else { /* No length arg ==> display to end of file */ length = sb.st_size \- offset; diff --git a/man2/mount.2 b/man2/mount.2 index ebd98b86c1..badc51437e 100644 --- a/man2/mount.2 +++ b/man2/mount.2 @@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ A move operation .RB ( MS_MOVE ) was attempted, but .I source -was not a mount, or was \(aq/\(aq. +was not a mount, or was \[aq]/\[aq]. .TP .B EINVAL A bind operation diff --git a/man2/mount_setattr.2 b/man2/mount_setattr.2 index 0ad342b4dc..c54bf662a2 100644 --- a/man2/mount_setattr.2 +++ b/man2/mount_setattr.2 @@ -939,13 +939,13 @@ move_mount(int from_dirfd, const char *from_pathname, } static const struct option longopts[] = { - {"map\-mount", required_argument, NULL, \(aqa\(aq}, - {"recursive", no_argument, NULL, \(aqb\(aq}, - {"read\-only", no_argument, NULL, \(aqc\(aq}, - {"block\-setid", no_argument, NULL, \(aqd\(aq}, - {"block\-devices", no_argument, NULL, \(aqe\(aq}, - {"block\-exec", no_argument, NULL, \(aqf\(aq}, - {"no\-access\-time", no_argument, NULL, \(aqg\(aq}, + {"map\-mount", required_argument, NULL, \[aq]a\[aq]}, + {"recursive", no_argument, NULL, \[aq]b\[aq]}, + {"read\-only", no_argument, NULL, \[aq]c\[aq]}, + {"block\-setid", no_argument, NULL, \[aq]d\[aq]}, + {"block\-devices", no_argument, NULL, \[aq]e\[aq]}, + {"block\-exec", no_argument, NULL, \[aq]f\[aq]}, + {"no\-access\-time", no_argument, NULL, \[aq]g\[aq]}, { NULL, 0, NULL, 0 }, }; @@ -964,27 +964,27 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) while ((ret = getopt_long_only(argc, argv, "", longopts, &index)) != \-1) { switch (ret) { - case \(aqa\(aq: + case \[aq]a\[aq]: fd_userns = open(optarg, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC); if (fd_userns == \-1) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "open(%s)", optarg); break; - case \(aqb\(aq: + case \[aq]b\[aq]: recursive = true; break; - case \(aqc\(aq: + case \[aq]c\[aq]: attr\->attr_set |= MOUNT_ATTR_RDONLY; break; - case \(aqd\(aq: + case \[aq]d\[aq]: attr\->attr_set |= MOUNT_ATTR_NOSUID; break; - case \(aqe\(aq: + case \[aq]e\[aq]: attr\->attr_set |= MOUNT_ATTR_NODEV; break; - case \(aqf\(aq: + case \[aq]f\[aq]: attr\->attr_set |= MOUNT_ATTR_NOEXEC; break; - case \(aqg\(aq: + case \[aq]g\[aq]: attr\->attr_set |= MOUNT_ATTR_NOATIME; attr\->attr_clr |= MOUNT_ATTR__ATIME; break; @@ -999,8 +999,8 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) source = argv[optind]; target = argv[optind + 1]; - /* In the following, \-1 as the \(aqdirfd\(aq argument ensures that - open_tree() fails if \(aqsource\(aq is not an absolute pathname. */ + /* In the following, \-1 as the \[aq]dirfd\[aq] argument ensures that + open_tree() fails if \[aq]source\[aq] is not an absolute pathname. */ .\" Christian Brauner .\" When writing programs I like to never use relative paths with AT_FDCWD .\" because. Because making assumptions about the current working directory @@ -1033,8 +1033,8 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) close(fd_userns); - /* In the following, \-1 as the \(aqto_dirfd\(aq argument ensures that - open_tree() fails if \(aqtarget\(aq is not an absolute pathname. */ + /* In the following, \-1 as the \[aq]to_dirfd\[aq] argument ensures that + open_tree() fails if \[aq]target\[aq] is not an absolute pathname. */ ret = move_mount(fd_tree, "", \-1, target, MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH); diff --git a/man2/mprotect.2 b/man2/mprotect.2 index e24c4b93ec..d6f2ed5ae1 100644 --- a/man2/mprotect.2 +++ b/man2/mprotect.2 @@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ main(void) handle_error("mprotect"); for (char *p = buffer ; ; ) - *(p++) = \(aqa\(aq; + *(p++) = \[aq]a\[aq]; printf("Loop completed\en"); /* Should never happen */ exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); diff --git a/man2/msgop.2 b/man2/msgop.2 index 833e7cc849..6a3efae6e2 100644 --- a/man2/msgop.2 +++ b/man2/msgop.2 @@ -636,18 +636,18 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "srt:k:")) != \-1) { switch (opt) { - case \(aqs\(aq: + case \[aq]s\[aq]: mode = 1; break; - case \(aqr\(aq: + case \[aq]r\[aq]: mode = 2; break; - case \(aqt\(aq: + case \[aq]t\[aq]: msgtype = atoi(optarg); if (msgtype <= 0) usage(argv[0], "\-t option must be greater than 0\en"); break; - case \(aqk\(aq: + case \[aq]k\[aq]: msgkey = atoi(optarg); break; default: diff --git a/man2/nfsservctl.2 b/man2/nfsservctl.2 index 145d3cba2e..c9ecc069cd 100644 --- a/man2/nfsservctl.2 +++ b/man2/nfsservctl.2 @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ filesystem; see #define NFSCTL_DELCLIENT 2 /* Remove an NFS client. */ #define NFSCTL_EXPORT 3 /* Export a filesystem. */ #define NFSCTL_UNEXPORT 4 /* Unexport a filesystem. */ -#define NFSCTL_UGIDUPDATE 5 /* Update a client\(aqs UID/GID map +#define NFSCTL_UGIDUPDATE 5 /* Update a client\[aq]s UID/GID map (only in Linux 2.4.x and earlier). */ #define NFSCTL_GETFH 6 /* Get a file handle (used by mountd(8)) (only in Linux 2.4.x and earlier). */ diff --git a/man2/open.2 b/man2/open.2 index fc796e2553..42d62593e8 100644 --- a/man2/open.2 +++ b/man2/open.2 @@ -804,11 +804,11 @@ char path[PATH_MAX]; fd = open("/path/to/dir", O_TMPFILE | O_RDWR, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR); -/* File I/O on \(aqfd\(aq... */ +/* File I/O on \[aq]fd\[aq]... */ linkat(fd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/path/for/file", AT_EMPTY_PATH); -/* If the caller doesn\(aqt have the CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH +/* If the caller doesn\[aq]t have the CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH capability (needed to use AT_EMPTY_PATH with linkat(2)), and there is a proc(5) filesystem mounted, then the linkat(2) call above can be replaced with: diff --git a/man2/open_by_handle_at.2 b/man2/open_by_handle_at.2 index e3c72c8330..3278248ed2 100644 --- a/man2/open_by_handle_at.2 +++ b/man2/open_by_handle_at.2 @@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ The following shell session demonstrates the use of these two programs: .PP .in +4n .EX -$ \fBecho \(aqCan you please think about it?\(aq > cecilia.txt\fP +$ \fBecho \[aq]Can you please think about it?\[aq] > cecilia.txt\fP $ \fB./t_name_to_handle_at cecilia.txt > fh\fP $ \fB./t_open_by_handle_at < fh\fP open_by_handle_at: Operation not permitted @@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ no longer exists. $ \fBstat \-\-printf="%i\en" cecilia.txt\fP # Display inode number 4072121 $ \fBrm cecilia.txt\fP -$ \fBecho \(aqCan you please think about it?\(aq > cecilia.txt\fP +$ \fBecho \[aq]Can you please think about it?\[aq] > cecilia.txt\fP $ \fBstat \-\-printf="%i\en" cecilia.txt\fP # Check inode number 4072121 $ \fBsudo ./t_open_by_handle_at < fh\fP @@ -608,8 +608,8 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) #include <unistd.h> /* Scan /proc/self/mountinfo to find the line whose mount ID matches - \(aqmount_id\(aq. (An easier way to do this is to install and use the - \(aqlibmount\(aq library provided by the \(aqutil\-linux\(aq project.) + \[aq]mount_id\[aq]. (An easier way to do this is to install and use the + \[aq]libmount\[aq] library provided by the \[aq]util\-linux\[aq] project.) Open the corresponding mount path and return the resulting file descriptor. */ @@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) /* Obtain file descriptor for mount point, either by opening the pathname specified on the command line, or by scanning - /proc/self/mounts to find a mount that matches the \(aqmount_id\(aq + /proc/self/mounts to find a mount that matches the \[aq]mount_id\[aq] that we received from stdin. */ if (argc > 1) diff --git a/man2/perf_event_open.2 b/man2/perf_event_open.2 index 84632210f5..e331d30062 100644 --- a/man2/perf_event_open.2 +++ b/man2/perf_event_open.2 @@ -211,10 +211,10 @@ struct perf_event_attr { inherit : 1, /* children inherit it */ pinned : 1, /* must always be on PMU */ exclusive : 1, /* only group on PMU */ - exclude_user : 1, /* don\(aqt count user */ - exclude_kernel : 1, /* don\(aqt count kernel */ - exclude_hv : 1, /* don\(aqt count hypervisor */ - exclude_idle : 1, /* don\(aqt count when idle */ + exclude_user : 1, /* don\[aq]t count user */ + exclude_kernel : 1, /* don\[aq]t count kernel */ + exclude_hv : 1, /* don\[aq]t count hypervisor */ + exclude_idle : 1, /* don\[aq]t count when idle */ mmap : 1, /* include mmap data */ comm : 1, /* include comm data */ freq : 1, /* use freq, not period */ @@ -225,8 +225,8 @@ struct perf_event_attr { precise_ip : 2, /* skid constraint */ mmap_data : 1, /* non\-exec mmap data */ sample_id_all : 1, /* sample_type all events */ - exclude_host : 1, /* don\(aqt count in host */ - exclude_guest : 1, /* don\(aqt count in guest */ + exclude_host : 1, /* don\[aq]t count in host */ + exclude_guest : 1, /* don\[aq]t count in guest */ exclude_callchain_kernel : 1, /* exclude kernel callchains */ exclude_callchain_user : 1, diff --git a/man2/pidfd_send_signal.2 b/man2/pidfd_send_signal.2 index 2a60ced93b..05153919e4 100644 --- a/man2/pidfd_send_signal.2 +++ b/man2/pidfd_send_signal.2 @@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - /* Populate a \(aqsiginfo_t\(aq structure for use with + /* Populate a \[aq]siginfo_t\[aq] structure for use with pidfd_send_signal(). */ memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info)); diff --git a/man2/pivot_root.2 b/man2/pivot_root.2 index a5ded5d581..3aed69798a 100644 --- a/man2/pivot_root.2 +++ b/man2/pivot_root.2 @@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ $ \fBmkdir /tmp/rootfs\fP $ \fBls \-id /tmp/rootfs\fP # Show inode number of new root directory 319459 /tmp/rootfs $ \fBcp $(which busybox) /tmp/rootfs\fP -$ \fBPS1=\(aqbbsh$ \(aq sudo ./pivot_root_demo /tmp/rootfs /busybox sh\fP +$ \fBPS1=\[aq]bbsh$ \[aq] sudo ./pivot_root_demo /tmp/rootfs /busybox sh\fP bbsh$ \fBPATH=/\fP bbsh$ \fBbusybox ln busybox ln\fP bbsh$ \fBln busybox echo\fP @@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ bbsh$ \fBls\fP busybox echo ln ls bbsh$ \fBls \-id /\fP # Compare with inode number above 319459 / -bbsh$ \fBecho \(aqhello world\(aq\fP +bbsh$ \fBecho \[aq]hello world\[aq]\fP hello world .EE .in @@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ child(void *arg) char *new_root = args[0]; const char *put_old = "/oldrootfs"; - /* Ensure that \(aqnew_root\(aq and its parent mount don\(aqt have + /* Ensure that \[aq]new_root\[aq] and its parent mount don\[aq]t have shared propagation (which would cause pivot_root() to return an error), and prevent propagation of mount events to the initial mount namespace. */ @@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ child(void *arg) if (mount(NULL, "/", NULL, MS_REC | MS_PRIVATE, NULL) == \-1) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "mount\-MS_PRIVATE"); - /* Ensure that \(aqnew_root\(aq is a mount point. */ + /* Ensure that \[aq]new_root\[aq] is a mount point. */ if (mount(new_root, new_root, NULL, MS_BIND, NULL) == \-1) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "mount\-MS_BIND"); diff --git a/man2/poll.2 b/man2/poll.2 index 965b62938f..b46a67d0bd 100644 --- a/man2/poll.2 +++ b/man2/poll.2 @@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) if (pfds == NULL) errExit("malloc"); - /* Open each file on command line, and add it to \(aqpfds\(aq array. */ + /* Open each file on command line, and add it to \[aq]pfds\[aq] array. */ for (nfds_t j = 0; j < nfds; j++) { pfds[j].fd = open(argv[j + 1], O_RDONLY); diff --git a/man2/prctl.2 b/man2/prctl.2 index 368436bad4..75df895808 100644 --- a/man2/prctl.2 +++ b/man2/prctl.2 @@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ If is NULL, the name of the appropriate anonymous virtual memory areas will be reset. The name can contain only printable ascii characters (including space), -except \(aq[\(aq, \(aq]\(aq, \(aq\e\(aq, \(aq$\(aq, and \(aq\(ga\(aq. +except \[aq][\[aq], \[aq]]\[aq], \[aq]\e\[aq], \[aq]$\[aq], and \[aq]\(ga\[aq]. .RE .\" prctl PR_MPX_ENABLE_MANAGEMENT .TP @@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ CPUID bit, like with the following command: .IP .in +4n .EX -cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep \(aq mpx \(aq +cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep \[aq] mpx \[aq] .EE .in .IP diff --git a/man2/readdir.2 b/man2/readdir.2 index 8c85d1ef0c..39cc4377ae 100644 --- a/man2/readdir.2 +++ b/man2/readdir.2 @@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ is the distance from the start of the directory to this .I d_reclen is the size of .IR d_name , -not counting the terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). +not counting the terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). .I d_name is a null-terminated filename. .SH RETURN VALUE diff --git a/man2/readlink.2 b/man2/readlink.2 index 61c8664380..de158da7e3 100644 --- a/man2/readlink.2 +++ b/man2/readlink.2 @@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) bufsiz = sb.st_size + 1; /* Some magic symlinks under (for example) /proc and /sys - report \(aqst_size\(aq as zero. In that case, take PATH_MAX as + report \[aq]st_size\[aq] as zero. In that case, take PATH_MAX as a "good enough" estimate. */ if (sb.st_size == 0) @@ -303,9 +303,9 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - /* Print only \(aqnbytes\(aq of \(aqbuf\(aq, as it doesn't contain a terminating - null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). */ - printf("\(aq%s\(aq points to \(aq%.*s\(aq\en", argv[1], (int) nbytes, buf); + /* Print only \[aq]nbytes\[aq] of \[aq]buf\[aq], as it doesn't contain a terminating + null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). */ + printf("\[aq]%s\[aq] points to \[aq]%.*s\[aq]\en", argv[1], (int) nbytes, buf); /* If the return value was equal to the buffer size, then the the link target was larger than expected (perhaps because the diff --git a/man2/reboot.2 b/man2/reboot.2 index fcdc56a93e..401e62fce6 100644 --- a/man2/reboot.2 +++ b/man2/reboot.2 @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ data will be lost. .TP .B LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_RESTART2 (0xa1b2c3d4; since Linux 2.1.30). -The message "Restarting system with command \(aq%s\(aq" is printed, +The message "Restarting system with command \[aq]%s\[aq]" is printed, and a restart (using the command string given in .IR arg ) is performed immediately. diff --git a/man2/request_key.2 b/man2/request_key.2 index b9c4f2a002..e6c774af2d 100644 --- a/man2/request_key.2 +++ b/man2/request_key.2 @@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ Insufficient memory to create a key. .B EPERM The .I type -argument started with a period (\(aq.\(aq). +argument started with a period (\[aq].\[aq]). .SH VERSIONS This system call first appeared in Linux 2.6.10. The ability to instantiate keys upon request was added @@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ we first create a suitable entry in the file .in +4n .EX $ sudo sh -# \fBecho \(aqcreate user mtk:* * /bin/keyctl instantiate %k %c %S\(aq \e\fP +# \fBecho \[aq]create user mtk:* * /bin/keyctl instantiate %k %c %S\[aq] \e\fP \fB> /etc/request\-key.conf\fP # \fBexit\fP .EE @@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ to verify that the requested key has been instantiated: .in +4n .EX $ \fB./t_request_key user mtk:key1 "Payload data"\fP -$ \fBgrep \(aq2dddaf50\(aq /proc/keys\fP +$ \fBgrep \[aq]2dddaf50\[aq] /proc/keys\fP 2dddaf50 I\-\-Q\-\-\- 1 perm 3f010000 1000 1000 user mtk:key1: 12 .EE .in diff --git a/man2/sched_setaffinity.2 b/man2/sched_setaffinity.2 index a782a86c43..86a9353913 100644 --- a/man2/sched_setaffinity.2 +++ b/man2/sched_setaffinity.2 @@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ system has two cores, each with two CPUs: .PP .in +4n .EX -$ \fBlscpu | egrep \-i \(aqcore.*:|socket\(aq\fP +$ \fBlscpu | egrep \-i \[aq]core.*:|socket\[aq]\fP Thread(s) per core: 2 Core(s) per socket: 2 Socket(s): 1 diff --git a/man2/seccomp.2 b/man2/seccomp.2 index 583d07e90a..fdfdbab6f5 100644 --- a/man2/seccomp.2 +++ b/man2/seccomp.2 @@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ which has the following form: struct seccomp_notif_sizes __u16 seccomp_notif; /* Size of notification structure */ __u16 seccomp_notif_resp; /* Size of response structure */ - __u16 seccomp_data; /* Size of \(aqstruct seccomp_data\(aq */ + __u16 seccomp_data; /* Size of \[aq]struct seccomp_data\[aq] */ }; .EE .IP @@ -1043,7 +1043,7 @@ $ \fBuname \-m\fP x86_64 $ \fBsyscall_nr() { cat /usr/src/linux/arch/x86/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl | \e - awk \(aq$2 != "x32" && $3 == "\(aq$1\(aq" { print $1 }\(aq + awk \[aq]$2 != "x32" && $3 == "\[aq]$1\[aq]" { print $1 }\[aq] }\fP .EE .in @@ -1129,21 +1129,21 @@ install_filter(int syscall_nr, unsigned int t_arch, int f_errno) /* Assume that AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64 means the normal x86\-64 ABI (in the x32 ABI, all system calls have bit 30 set in the - \(aqnr\(aq field, meaning the numbers are >= X32_SYSCALL_BIT). */ + \[aq]nr\[aq] field, meaning the numbers are >= X32_SYSCALL_BIT). */ if (t_arch == AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64) upper_nr_limit = X32_SYSCALL_BIT \- 1; struct sock_filter filter[] = { - /* [0] Load architecture from \(aqseccomp_data\(aq buffer into + /* [0] Load architecture from \[aq]seccomp_data\[aq] buffer into accumulator. */ BPF_STMT(BPF_LD | BPF_W | BPF_ABS, (offsetof(struct seccomp_data, arch))), /* [1] Jump forward 5 instructions if architecture does not - match \(aqt_arch\(aq. */ + match \[aq]t_arch\[aq]. */ BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K, t_arch, 0, 5), - /* [2] Load system call number from \(aqseccomp_data\(aq buffer into + /* [2] Load system call number from \[aq]seccomp_data\[aq] buffer into accumulator. */ BPF_STMT(BPF_LD | BPF_W | BPF_ABS, (offsetof(struct seccomp_data, nr))), @@ -1154,11 +1154,11 @@ install_filter(int syscall_nr, unsigned int t_arch, int f_errno) BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JGT | BPF_K, upper_nr_limit, 3, 0), /* [4] Jump forward 1 instruction if system call number - does not match \(aqsyscall_nr\(aq. */ + does not match \[aq]syscall_nr\[aq]. */ BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K, syscall_nr, 0, 1), - /* [5] Matching architecture and system call: don\(aqt execute - the system call, and return \(aqf_errno\(aq in \(aqerrno\(aq. */ + /* [5] Matching architecture and system call: don\[aq]t execute + the system call, and return \[aq]f_errno\[aq] in \[aq]errno\[aq]. */ BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K, SECCOMP_RET_ERRNO | (f_errno & SECCOMP_RET_DATA)), diff --git a/man2/seccomp_unotify.2 b/man2/seccomp_unotify.2 index 3442970893..2fab339b19 100644 --- a/man2/seccomp_unotify.2 +++ b/man2/seccomp_unotify.2 @@ -1419,8 +1419,8 @@ T: terminating #define ARRAY_SIZE(arr) (sizeof(arr) / sizeof((arr)[0])) -/* Send the file descriptor \(aqfd\(aq over the connected UNIX domain socket - \(aqsockfd\(aq. Returns 0 on success, or \-1 on error. */ +/* Send the file descriptor \[aq]fd\[aq] over the connected UNIX domain socket + \[aq]sockfd\[aq]. Returns 0 on success, or \-1 on error. */ static int sendfd(int sockfd, int fd) @@ -1431,17 +1431,17 @@ sendfd(int sockfd, int fd) struct cmsghdr *cmsgp; /* Allocate a char array of suitable size to hold the ancillary data. - However, since this buffer is in reality a \(aqstruct cmsghdr\(aq, use a + However, since this buffer is in reality a \[aq]struct cmsghdr\[aq], use a union to ensure that it is suitably aligned. */ union { char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))]; - /* Space large enough to hold an \(aqint\(aq */ + /* Space large enough to hold an \[aq]int\[aq] */ struct cmsghdr align; } controlMsg; - /* The \(aqmsg_name\(aq field can be used to specify the address of the + /* The \[aq]msg_name\[aq] field can be used to specify the address of the destination socket when sending a datagram. However, we do not - need to use this field because \(aqsockfd\(aq is a connected socket. */ + need to use this field because \[aq]sockfd\[aq] is a connected socket. */ msgh.msg_name = NULL; msgh.msg_namelen = 0; @@ -1456,7 +1456,7 @@ sendfd(int sockfd, int fd) iov.iov_len = sizeof(int); data = 12345; - /* Set \(aqmsghdr\(aq fields that describe ancillary data */ + /* Set \[aq]msghdr\[aq] fields that describe ancillary data */ msgh.msg_control = controlMsg.buf; msgh.msg_controllen = sizeof(controlMsg.buf); @@ -1496,7 +1496,7 @@ recvfd(int sockfd) } controlMsg; struct cmsghdr *cmsgp; - /* The \(aqmsg_name\(aq field can be used to obtain the address of the + /* The \[aq]msg_name\[aq] field can be used to obtain the address of the sending socket. However, we do not need this information. */ msgh.msg_name = NULL; @@ -1506,10 +1506,10 @@ recvfd(int sockfd) msgh.msg_iov = &iov; msgh.msg_iovlen = 1; - iov.iov_base = &data; /* Real data is an \(aqint\(aq */ + iov.iov_base = &data; /* Real data is an \[aq]int\[aq] */ iov.iov_len = sizeof(int); - /* Set \(aqmsghdr\(aq fields that describe ancillary data */ + /* Set \[aq]msghdr\[aq] fields that describe ancillary data */ msgh.msg_control = controlMsg.buf; msgh.msg_controllen = sizeof(controlMsg.buf); @@ -1522,7 +1522,7 @@ recvfd(int sockfd) cmsgp = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msgh); - /* Check the validity of the \(aqcmsghdr\(aq */ + /* Check the validity of the \[aq]cmsghdr\[aq] */ if (cmsgp == NULL || cmsgp\->cmsg_len != CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int)) @@ -1629,8 +1629,8 @@ closeSocketPair(int sockPair[2]) (1) installs a seccomp filter with the SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_NEW_LISTENER flag; (2) writes the seccomp notification file descriptor returned from - the previous step onto the UNIX domain socket, \(aqsockPair[0]\(aq; - (3) calls mkdir(2) for each element of \(aqargv\(aq. + the previous step onto the UNIX domain socket, \[aq]sockPair[0]\[aq]; + (3) calls mkdir(2) for each element of \[aq]argv\[aq]. The function return value in the parent is the PID of the child process; the child does not return from this function. */ @@ -1706,9 +1706,9 @@ cookieIsValid(int notifyFd, uint64_t id) } /* Access the memory of the target process in order to fetch the - pathname referred to by the system call argument \(aqargNum\(aq in - \(aqreq\->data.args[]\(aq. The pathname is returned in \(aqpath\(aq, - a buffer of \(aqlen\(aq bytes allocated by the caller. + pathname referred to by the system call argument \[aq]argNum\[aq] in + \[aq]req\->data.args[]\[aq]. The pathname is returned in \[aq]path\[aq], + a buffer of \[aq]len\[aq] bytes allocated by the caller. Returns true if the pathname is successfully fetched, and false otherwise. For possible causes of failure, see the comments below. */ @@ -1751,11 +1751,11 @@ getTargetPathname(struct seccomp_notif *req, int notifyFd, /* Once again check that the notification ID is still valid. The case we are particularly concerned about here is that just - before we fetched the pathname, the target\(aqs blocked system + before we fetched the pathname, the target\[aq]s blocked system call was interrupted by a signal handler, and after the handler returned, the target carried on execution (past the interrupted system call). In that case, we have no guarantees about what we - are reading, since the target\(aqs memory may have been arbitrarily + are reading, since the target\[aq]s memory may have been arbitrarily changed by subsequent operations. */ if (!cookieIsValid(notifyFd, req\->id)) { @@ -1763,7 +1763,7 @@ getTargetPathname(struct seccomp_notif *req, int notifyFd, return false; } - /* Even if the target\(aqs system call was not interrupted by a signal, + /* Even if the target\[aq]s system call was not interrupted by a signal, we have no guarantees about what was in the memory of the target process. (The memory may have been modified by another thread, or even by an external attacking process.) We therefore treat the @@ -1778,8 +1778,8 @@ getTargetPathname(struct seccomp_notif *req, int notifyFd, } /* Allocate buffers for the seccomp user\-space notification request and - response structures. It is the caller\(aqs responsibility to free the - buffers returned via \(aqreq\(aq and \(aqresp\(aq. */ + response structures. It is the caller\[aq]s responsibility to free the + buffers returned via \[aq]req\[aq] and \[aq]resp\[aq]. */ static void allocSeccompNotifBuffers(struct seccomp_notif **req, @@ -1801,7 +1801,7 @@ allocSeccompNotifBuffers(struct seccomp_notif **req, /* When allocating the response buffer, we must allow for the fact that the user\-space binary may have been built with user\-space - headers where \(aqstruct seccomp_notif_resp\(aq is bigger than the + headers where \[aq]struct seccomp_notif_resp\[aq] is bigger than the response buffer expected by the (older) kernel. Therefore, we allocate a buffer that is the maximum of the two sizes. This ensures that if the supervisor places bytes into the response @@ -1819,7 +1819,7 @@ allocSeccompNotifBuffers(struct seccomp_notif **req, } /* Handle notifications that arrive via the SECCOMP_RET_USER_NOTIF file - descriptor, \(aqnotifyFd\(aq. */ + descriptor, \[aq]notifyFd\[aq]. */ static void handleNotifications(int notifyFd) @@ -1836,7 +1836,7 @@ handleNotifications(int notifyFd) for (;;) { - /* Wait for next notification, returning info in \(aq*req\(aq */ + /* Wait for next notification, returning info in \[aq]*req\[aq] */ memset(req, 0, sizes.seccomp_notif); if (ioctl(notifyFd, SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV, req) == \-1) { @@ -1872,7 +1872,7 @@ handleNotifications(int notifyFd) response (sending this response may yield an error if the failure occurred because the notification ID was no longer valid); if the directory is in /tmp, then create it on behalf - of the supervisor; if the pathname starts with \(aq.\(aq, tell the + of the supervisor; if the pathname starts with \[aq].\[aq], tell the kernel to let the target process execute the mkdir(); otherwise, give an error for a directory pathname in any other location. */ @@ -1919,7 +1919,7 @@ handleNotifications(int notifyFd) if (ioctl(notifyFd, SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND, resp) == \-1) { if (errno == ENOENT) printf("\etS: response failed with ENOENT; " - "perhaps target process\(aqs syscall was " + "perhaps target process\[aq]s syscall was " "interrupted by a signal?\en"); else perror("ioctl\-SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND"); @@ -1941,7 +1941,7 @@ handleNotifications(int notifyFd) /* Implementation of the supervisor process: - (1) obtains the notification file descriptor from \(aqsockPair[1]\(aq + (1) obtains the notification file descriptor from \[aq]sockPair[1]\[aq] (2) handles notifications that arrive on that file descriptor. */ static void @@ -1981,7 +1981,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) /* Create a child process\-\-the "target"\-\-that installs seccomp filtering. The target process writes the seccomp notification - file descriptor onto \(aqsockPair[0]\(aq and then calls mkdir(2) for + file descriptor onto \[aq]sockPair[0]\[aq] and then calls mkdir(2) for each directory in the command\-line arguments. */ (void) targetProcess(sockPair, &argv[optind]); diff --git a/man2/select.2 b/man2/select.2 index a1bbce4572..aad161673a 100644 --- a/man2/select.2 +++ b/man2/select.2 @@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ pointer, but is instead a structure of the form: struct { const kernel_sigset_t *ss; /* Pointer to signal set */ size_t ss_len; /* Size (in bytes) of object - pointed to by \(aqss\(aq */ + pointed to by \[aq]ss\[aq] */ }; .EE .in @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ main(void) tv.tv_usec = 0; retval = select(1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, &tv); - /* Don\(aqt rely on the value of tv now! */ + /* Don\[aq]t rely on the value of tv now! */ if (retval == \-1) perror("select()"); diff --git a/man2/semget.2 b/man2/semget.2 index a15b472a99..cda93cb9e5 100644 --- a/man2/semget.2 +++ b/man2/semget.2 @@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ $ \fBln mykey link\fP $ \fBls \-i1 link mykey\fP 2233197 link 2233197 mykey -$ \fB./t_semget link p 1\fP # Generates same key as \(aqmykey\(aq +$ \fB./t_semget link p 1\fP # Generates same key as \[aq]mykey\[aq] ID = 9 .EE .in @@ -394,8 +394,8 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) flags = 0; while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "cx")) != \-1) { switch (opt) { - case \(aqc\(aq: flags |= IPC_CREAT; break; - case \(aqx\(aq: flags |= IPC_EXCL; break; + case \[aq]c\[aq]: flags |= IPC_CREAT; break; + case \[aq]x\[aq]: flags |= IPC_EXCL; break; default: usage(argv[0]); } } diff --git a/man2/shmop.2 b/man2/shmop.2 index 4be21d31bf..980a44e80c 100644 --- a/man2/shmop.2 +++ b/man2/shmop.2 @@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ copies the string to the shared memory, and modifies the semaphore value. .PP .in +4n .EX -$ \fB./svshm_string_write 1114194 15 \(aqHello, world\(aq\fP +$ \fB./svshm_string_write 1114194 15 \[aq]Hello, world\[aq]\fP .EE .in .PP @@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - len = strlen(argv[3]) + 1; /* +1 to include trailing \(aq\e0\(aq */ + len = strlen(argv[3]) + 1; /* +1 to include trailing \[aq]\e0\[aq] */ if (len > MEM_SIZE) { fprintf(stderr, "String is too big!\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); diff --git a/man2/signalfd.2 b/man2/signalfd.2 index 5b2647e705..b7b9f46995 100644 --- a/man2/signalfd.2 +++ b/man2/signalfd.2 @@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ main(void) sigaddset(&mask, SIGINT); sigaddset(&mask, SIGQUIT); - /* Block signals so that they aren\(aqt handled + /* Block signals so that they aren\[aq]t handled according to their default dispositions. */ if (sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, NULL) == \-1) diff --git a/man2/spu_run.2 b/man2/spu_run.2 index 00d5529860..f64b875b03 100644 --- a/man2/spu_run.2 +++ b/man2/spu_run.2 @@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ int main(void) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "spu_create"); /* - * Write a \(aqstop 0x1234\(aq instruction to the SPU\(aqs + * Write a \[aq]stop 0x1234\[aq] instruction to the SPU\[aq]s * local store memory. */ instruction = 0x00001234; diff --git a/man2/statx.2 b/man2/statx.2 index 1942672ae0..328a2de356 100644 --- a/man2/statx.2 +++ b/man2/statx.2 @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ struct statx { __u64 stx_size; /* Total size in bytes */ __u64 stx_blocks; /* Number of 512B blocks allocated */ __u64 stx_attributes_mask; - /* Mask to show what\(aqs supported + /* Mask to show what\[aq]s supported in stx_attributes */ /* The following fields are file timestamps */ diff --git a/man2/truncate.2 b/man2/truncate.2 index 5ed1a532b0..8a00ec3ffb 100644 --- a/man2/truncate.2 +++ b/man2/truncate.2 @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ bytes. .PP If the file previously was larger than this size, the extra data is lost. If the file previously was shorter, it is extended, and -the extended part reads as null bytes (\(aq\e0\(aq). +the extended part reads as null bytes (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). .PP The file offset is not changed. .PP diff --git a/man2/uname.2 b/man2/uname.2 index 5e3bfa9ec8..b86bc4dfa7 100644 --- a/man2/uname.2 +++ b/man2/uname.2 @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ struct utsname { The length of the arrays in a .I struct utsname is unspecified (see NOTES); -the fields are terminated by a null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). +the fields are terminated by a null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). .SH RETURN VALUE On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and diff --git a/man2/unshare.2 b/man2/unshare.2 index 8fdcd8761d..2c5c0b8590 100644 --- a/man2/unshare.2 +++ b/man2/unshare.2 @@ -536,14 +536,14 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "CimnptuU")) != \-1) { switch (opt) { - case \(aqC\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWCGROUP; break; - case \(aqi\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWIPC; break; - case \(aqm\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWNS; break; - case \(aqn\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWNET; break; - case \(aqp\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWPID; break; - case \(aqt\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWTIME; break; - case \(aqu\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWUTS; break; - case \(aqU\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWUSER; break; + case \[aq]C\[aq]: flags |= CLONE_NEWCGROUP; break; + case \[aq]i\[aq]: flags |= CLONE_NEWIPC; break; + case \[aq]m\[aq]: flags |= CLONE_NEWNS; break; + case \[aq]n\[aq]: flags |= CLONE_NEWNET; break; + case \[aq]p\[aq]: flags |= CLONE_NEWPID; break; + case \[aq]t\[aq]: flags |= CLONE_NEWTIME; break; + case \[aq]u\[aq]: flags |= CLONE_NEWUTS; break; + case \[aq]U\[aq]: flags |= CLONE_NEWUSER; break; default: usage(argv[0]); } } diff --git a/man2/userfaultfd.2 b/man2/userfaultfd.2 index 3feb268093..dfe5346204 100644 --- a/man2/userfaultfd.2 +++ b/man2/userfaultfd.2 @@ -832,11 +832,11 @@ fault_handler_thread(void *arg) printf("flags = %"PRIx64"; ", msg.arg.pagefault.flags); printf("address = %"PRIx64"\en", msg.arg.pagefault.address); - /* Copy the page pointed to by \(aqpage\(aq into the faulting + /* Copy the page pointed to by \[aq]page\[aq] into the faulting region. Vary the contents that are copied in, so that it is more obvious that each fault is handled separately. */ - memset(page, \(aqA\(aq + fault_cnt % 20, page_size); + memset(page, \[aq]A\[aq] + fault_cnt % 20, page_size); fault_cnt++; uffdio_copy.src = (unsigned long) page; diff --git a/man2/ustat.2 b/man2/ustat.2 index f6044d7f99..8a96239a49 100644 --- a/man2/ustat.2 +++ b/man2/ustat.2 @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ The last two fields, and .IR f_fpack , are not implemented and will -always be filled with null bytes (\(aq\e0\(aq). +always be filled with null bytes (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). .SH RETURN VALUE On success, zero is returned and the .I ustat diff --git a/man3/a64l.3 b/man3/a64l.3 index 3e71912db7..3206fc49ed 100644 --- a/man3/a64l.3 +++ b/man3/a64l.3 @@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ The 64 digits in the base-64 system are: .PP .RS .nf -\&\(aq.\(aq represents a 0 -\&\(aq/\(aq represents a 1 +\&\[aq].\[aq] represents a 0 +\&\[aq]/\[aq] represents a 1 0-9 represent 2-11 A-Z represent 12-37 a-z represent 38-63 diff --git a/man3/argz_add.3 b/man3/argz_add.3 index a0fee99ceb..f51c4dbfa0 100644 --- a/man3/argz_add.3 +++ b/man3/argz_add.3 @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ These functions are glibc-specific. .PP An argz vector is a pointer to a character buffer together with a length. The intended interpretation of the character buffer is an array -of strings, where the strings are separated by null bytes (\(aq\e0\(aq). +of strings, where the strings are separated by null bytes (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). If the length is nonzero, the last byte of the buffer must be a null byte. .PP These functions are for handling argz vectors. @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ is similar, but splits the string into substrings separated by the delimiter .IR delim . For example, one might use this on a UNIX search path with -delimiter \(aq:\(aq. +delimiter \[aq]:\[aq]. .PP .BR argz_append () appends the argz vector @@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ will be increased by .PP .BR argz_count () counts the number of strings, that is, -the number of null bytes (\(aq\e0\(aq), in +the number of null bytes (\[aq]\e0\[aq]), in .RI ( argz ,\ argz_len ). .PP .BR argz_create () @@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ will be incremented by the number of replacements. is the opposite of .BR argz_create_sep (). It transforms the argz vector into a normal string by replacing -all null bytes (\(aq\e0\(aq) except the last by +all null bytes (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) except the last by .IR sep . .SH RETURN VALUE All argz functions that do memory allocation have a return type of diff --git a/man3/asprintf.3 b/man3/asprintf.3 index 142e68288a..fc3493f3da 100644 --- a/man3/asprintf.3 +++ b/man3/asprintf.3 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ are analogs of and .BR vsprintf (3), except that they allocate a string large enough to hold the output -including the terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq), +including the terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]), and return a pointer to it via the first argument. This pointer should be passed to .BR free (3) diff --git a/man3/assert.3 b/man3/assert.3 index 58acab5858..dfb4763991 100644 --- a/man3/assert.3 +++ b/man3/assert.3 @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ something like: .PP .in +4n .EX -prog: some_file.c:16: some_func: Assertion \`val == 0\(aq failed. +prog: some_file.c:16: some_func: Assertion \`val == 0\[aq] failed. .EE .in .PP diff --git a/man3/backtrace.3 b/man3/backtrace.3 index c1424d55fd..f078bf67a4 100644 --- a/man3/backtrace.3 +++ b/man3/backtrace.3 @@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ myfunc3(void) free(strings); } -static void /* "static" means don\(aqt export the symbol... */ +static void /* "static" means don\[aq]t export the symbol... */ myfunc2(void) { myfunc3(); diff --git a/man3/basename.3 b/man3/basename.3 index 72cfa57eab..6f22bb58cc 100644 --- a/man3/basename.3 +++ b/man3/basename.3 @@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ break a null-terminated pathname string into directory and filename components. In the usual case, .BR dirname () -returns the string up to, but not including, the final \(aq/\(aq, and +returns the string up to, but not including, the final \[aq]/\[aq], and .BR basename () -returns the component following the final \(aq/\(aq. -Trailing \(aq/\(aq characters are not counted as part of the pathname. +returns the component following the final \[aq]/\[aq]. +Trailing \[aq]/\[aq] characters are not counted as part of the pathname. .PP If .I path @@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ such as "/usr/". .PP Before glibc 2.2.1, the glibc version of .BR dirname () -did not correctly handle pathnames with trailing \(aq/\(aq characters, +did not correctly handle pathnames with trailing \[aq]/\[aq] characters, and generated a segfault if given a NULL argument. .SH EXAMPLES The following code snippet demonstrates the use of diff --git a/man3/bsearch.3 b/man3/bsearch.3 index 975f4f9136..790b0b7d92 100644 --- a/man3/bsearch.3 +++ b/man3/bsearch.3 @@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) res = bsearch(&key, months, ARRAY_SIZE(months), sizeof(months[0]), compmi); if (res == NULL) - printf("\(aq%s\(aq: unknown month\en", argv[i]); + printf("\[aq]%s\[aq]: unknown month\en", argv[i]); else printf("%s: month #%d\en", res\->name, res\->nr); } diff --git a/man3/bzero.3 b/man3/bzero.3 index 1cd2fa6642..5d41dd0417 100644 --- a/man3/bzero.3 +++ b/man3/bzero.3 @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ function erases the data in the .I n bytes of the memory starting at the location pointed to by .IR s , -by writing zeros (bytes containing \(aq\e0\(aq) to that area. +by writing zeros (bytes containing \[aq]\e0\[aq]) to that area. .PP The .BR explicit_bzero () diff --git a/man3/catgets.3 b/man3/catgets.3 index a1baa02a04..c1c8c8598c 100644 --- a/man3/catgets.3 +++ b/man3/catgets.3 @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ The message-text is contained in an internal buffer area and should be copied by the application if it is to be saved or modified. The return string is -always terminated with a null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). +always terminated with a null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). .SH RETURN VALUE On success, .BR catgets () diff --git a/man3/catopen.3 b/man3/catopen.3 index 55ed9eb3fc..00cf0fc04b 100644 --- a/man3/catopen.3 +++ b/man3/catopen.3 @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ The argument specifies the name of the message catalog to be opened. If .I name -specifies an absolute path (i.e., contains a \(aq/\(aq), +specifies an absolute path (i.e., contains a \[aq]/\[aq]), then .I name specifies a pathname for the message catalog. diff --git a/man3/confstr.3 b/man3/confstr.3 index c9b6166062..b340bdcf06 100644 --- a/man3/confstr.3 +++ b/man3/confstr.3 @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ copies the value of the string to .I buf truncated to .I size \- 1 -bytes if necessary, with a null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq) as terminator. +bytes if necessary, with a null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) as terminator. This can be detected by comparing the return value of .BR confstr () against diff --git a/man3/dl_iterate_phdr.3 b/man3/dl_iterate_phdr.3 index 0ec3d05a04..5a363c7888 100644 --- a/man3/dl_iterate_phdr.3 +++ b/man3/dl_iterate_phdr.3 @@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ struct dl_phdr_info { /* If there is a PT_TLS segment, its module ID as used in TLS relocations, else zero */ void *dlpi_tls_data; - /* The address of the calling thread\(aqs instance - of this module\(aqs PT_TLS segment, if it has + /* The address of the calling thread\[aq]s instance + of this module\[aq]s PT_TLS segment, if it has one and it has been allocated in the calling thread, otherwise a null pointer */ }; diff --git a/man3/dlinfo.3 b/man3/dlinfo.3 index 80f466f7e1..83d2d2dba9 100644 --- a/man3/dlinfo.3 +++ b/man3/dlinfo.3 @@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ typedef struct { size_t dls_size; /* Size in bytes of the whole buffer */ unsigned int dls_cnt; /* Number of elements - in \(aqdls_serpath\(aq */ + in \[aq]dls_serpath\[aq] */ Dl_serpath dls_serpath[1]; /* Actually longer, - \(aqdls_cnt\(aq elements */ + \[aq]dls_cnt\[aq] elements */ } Dl_serinfo; .EE .in @@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - /* Initialize the \(aqdls_size\(aq and \(aqdls_cnt\(aq fields in the newly + /* Initialize the \[aq]dls_size\[aq] and \[aq]dls_cnt\[aq] fields in the newly allocated buffer. */ if (dlinfo(handle, RTLD_DI_SERINFOSIZE, sip) == \-1) { diff --git a/man3/dlopen.3 b/man3/dlopen.3 index 61229454b6..20a342d882 100644 --- a/man3/dlopen.3 +++ b/man3/dlopen.3 @@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ main(void) cosine = (double (*)(double)) dlsym(handle, "cos"); /* According to the ISO C standard, casting between function - pointers and \(aqvoid *\(aq, as done above, produces undefined results. + pointers and \[aq]void *\[aq], as done above, produces undefined results. POSIX.1\-2001 and POSIX.1\-2008 accepted this state of affairs and proposed the following workaround: @@ -589,8 +589,8 @@ main(void) The 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 to POSIX.1\-2008 improved matters by requiring that conforming implementations support casting - \(aqvoid *\(aq to a function pointer. Nevertheless, some compilers - (e.g., gcc with the \(aq\-pedantic\(aq option) may complain about the + \[aq]void *\[aq] to a function pointer. Nevertheless, some compilers + (e.g., gcc with the \[aq]\-pedantic\[aq] option) may complain about the cast used in this program. */ .\" http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/dlsym.html#tag_03_112_08 .\" http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/dlsym.html#tag_16_96_07 diff --git a/man3/duplocale.3 b/man3/duplocale.3 index 99e5cde96b..67e3343b38 100644 --- a/man3/duplocale.3 +++ b/man3/duplocale.3 @@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) } /* This sequence is necessary, because uselocale() might return - the value LC_GLOBAL_LOCALE, which can\(aqt be passed as an + the value LC_GLOBAL_LOCALE, which can\[aq]t be passed as an argument to toupper_l(). */ loc = uselocale((locale_t) 0); diff --git a/man3/encrypt.3 b/man3/encrypt.3 index 6ca54a3b3e..2557a5f259 100644 --- a/man3/encrypt.3 +++ b/man3/encrypt.3 @@ -184,19 +184,19 @@ main(void) encrypt(buf, 0); for (size_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) { - for (size_t j = 0, txt[i] = \(aq\e0\(aq; j < 8; j++) { + for (size_t j = 0, txt[i] = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; j < 8; j++) { txt[i] |= buf[i * 8 + j] << j; } - txt[8] = \(aq\e0\(aq; + txt[8] = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; } printf("After encrypting: %s\en", txt); encrypt(buf, 1); for (size_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) { - for (size_t j = 0, txt[i] = \(aq\e0\(aq; j < 8; j++) { + for (size_t j = 0, txt[i] = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; j < 8; j++) { txt[i] |= buf[i * 8 + j] << j; } - txt[8] = \(aq\e0\(aq; + txt[8] = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; } printf("After decrypting: %s\en", txt); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); diff --git a/man3/envz_add.3 b/man3/envz_add.3 index ad95e470a5..3786e023b3 100644 --- a/man3/envz_add.3 +++ b/man3/envz_add.3 @@ -44,10 +44,10 @@ see .BR argz_add (3). An envz vector is a special argz vector, namely one where the strings have the form "name=value". -Everything after the first \(aq=\(aq is considered +Everything after the first \[aq]=\[aq] is considered to be the value. -If there is no \(aq=\(aq, the value is taken to be NULL. -(While the value in case of a trailing \(aq=\(aq is the empty string "".) +If there is no \[aq]=\[aq], the value is taken to be NULL. +(While the value in case of a trailing \[aq]=\[aq] is the empty string "".) .PP These functions are for handling envz vectors. .PP @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ and returns the value if found, or NULL if not. (Note that the value can also be NULL, namely when there is an entry for .I name -without \(aq=\(aq sign.) +without \[aq]=\[aq] sign.) .PP .BR envz_merge () adds each entry in diff --git a/man3/ether_aton.3 b/man3/ether_aton.3 index c32cadb75e..920a065fad 100644 --- a/man3/ether_aton.3 +++ b/man3/ether_aton.3 @@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ The function parses a line in .I /etc/ethers format (ethernet address followed by whitespace followed by -hostname; \(aq#\(aq introduces a comment) and returns an address +hostname; \[aq]#\[aq] introduces a comment) and returns an address and hostname pair, or nonzero if it cannot be parsed. The buffer pointed to by .I hostname diff --git a/man3/fgetc.3 b/man3/fgetc.3 index 5eb767e523..0c124a280a 100644 --- a/man3/fgetc.3 +++ b/man3/fgetc.3 @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Reading stops after an .B EOF or a newline. If a newline is read, it is stored into the buffer. -A terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq) +A terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) is stored after the last character in the buffer. .PP .BR ungetc () diff --git a/man3/fgetws.3 b/man3/fgetws.3 index 2fd45a3070..076061a0e3 100644 --- a/man3/fgetws.3 +++ b/man3/fgetws.3 @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ of the function. It reads a string of at most \fIn\-1\fP wide characters into the wide-character array pointed to by \fIws\fP, -and adds a terminating null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq). +and adds a terminating null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]). It stops reading wide characters after it has encountered and stored a newline wide character. It also stops when end of stream is reached. diff --git a/man3/fmemopen.3 b/man3/fmemopen.3 index 4059cb34cd..2b34bc2864 100644 --- a/man3/fmemopen.3 +++ b/man3/fmemopen.3 @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ Open the stream for reading and writing. .I w+ Open the stream for reading and writing. The buffer contents are truncated -(i.e., \(aq\e0\(aq is placed in the first byte of the buffer). +(i.e., \[aq]\e0\[aq] is placed in the first byte of the buffer). .TP .I a+ Append; open the stream for reading and writing, @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ counts that byte) to allow for this. .PP In a stream opened for reading, -null bytes (\(aq\e0\(aq) in the buffer do not cause read +null bytes (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) in the buffer do not cause read operations to return an end-of-file indication. A read from the buffer will indicate end-of-file only when the current buffer position advances @@ -172,13 +172,13 @@ POSIX.1-2008. This function is not specified in POSIX.1-2001, and is not widely available on other systems. .PP -POSIX.1-2008 specifies that \(aqb\(aq in +POSIX.1-2008 specifies that \[aq]b\[aq] in .I mode shall be ignored. However, Technical Corrigendum 1 .\" http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=396 adjusts the standard to allow implementation-specific treatment for this case, -thus permitting the glibc treatment of \(aqb\(aq. +thus permitting the glibc treatment of \[aq]b\[aq]. .SH NOTES There is no file descriptor associated with the file stream returned by this function @@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ were fixed, and a new versioned symbol was created for this interface. From glibc 2.9 to glibc 2.21, the glibc implementation of .BR fmemopen () supported a "binary" mode, -enabled by specifying the letter \(aqb\(aq as the second character in +enabled by specifying the letter \[aq]b\[aq] as the second character in .IR mode . In this mode, writes don't implicitly add a terminating null byte, and @@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ is relative to the end of the buffer (i.e., the value specified by the argument), rather than the current string length. .PP An API bug afflicted the implementation of binary mode: -to specify binary mode, the \(aqb\(aq must be the +to specify binary mode, the \[aq]b\[aq] must be the .I second character in .IR mode . @@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ This is inconsistent with the treatment of by .BR fopen (3). .PP -Binary mode was removed in glibc 2.22; a \(aqb\(aq specified in +Binary mode was removed in glibc 2.22; a \[aq]b\[aq] specified in .I mode has no effect. .SH BUGS @@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ The glibc 2.9 addition of "binary" mode for .\" http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=6544 silently changed the ABI: previously, .BR fmemopen () -ignored \(aqb\(aq in +ignored \[aq]b\[aq] in .IR mode . .SH EXAMPLES The program below uses @@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ An example of the output produced by this program is the following: .PP .in +4n .EX -.RB "$" " ./a.out \(aq1 23 43\(aq" +.RB "$" " ./a.out \[aq]1 23 43\[aq]" size=11; ptr=1 529 1849 .EE .in @@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) char *ptr; if (argc != 2) { - fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s \(aq<num>...\(aq\en", argv[0]); + fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s \[aq]<num>...\[aq]\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } diff --git a/man3/fopen.3 b/man3/fopen.3 index 4b2a75846c..910762b238 100644 --- a/man3/fopen.3 +++ b/man3/fopen.3 @@ -87,14 +87,14 @@ initial file position for reading is at the end of the file. .PP The .I mode -string can also include the letter \(aqb\(aq either as a last character or as +string can also include the letter \[aq]b\[aq] either as a last character or as a character between the characters in any of the two-character strings described above. This is strictly for compatibility with ISO C -and has no effect; the \(aqb\(aq is ignored on all POSIX +and has no effect; the \[aq]b\[aq] is ignored on all POSIX conforming systems, including Linux. (Other systems may treat text files and binary files differently, -and adding the \(aqb\(aq may be a good idea if you do I/O to a binary +and adding the \[aq]b\[aq] may be a good idea if you do I/O to a binary file and expect that your program may be ported to non-UNIX environments.) .PP diff --git a/man3/fopencookie.3 b/man3/fopencookie.3 index b3d3ebc72b..ec05fd8407 100644 --- a/man3/fopencookie.3 +++ b/man3/fopencookie.3 @@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ The following shell session demonstrates the use of the program: .PP .in +4n .EX -.RB "$" " ./a.out \(aqhello world\(aq" +.RB "$" " ./a.out \[aq]hello world\[aq]" /he/ / w/ /d/ diff --git a/man3/fputws.3 b/man3/fputws.3 index f5a38e7061..4342e1ae09 100644 --- a/man3/fputws.3 +++ b/man3/fputws.3 @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ the .BR fputs (3) function. It writes the wide-character string starting at \fIws\fP, -up to but not including the terminating null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq), +up to but not including the terminating null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]), to \fIstream\fP. .PP For a nonlocking counterpart, see diff --git a/man3/ftw.3 b/man3/ftw.3 index 9d07349371..d0ad329adc 100644 --- a/man3/ftw.3 +++ b/man3/ftw.3 @@ -481,9 +481,9 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int flags = 0; - if (argc > 2 && strchr(argv[2], \(aqd\(aq) != NULL) + if (argc > 2 && strchr(argv[2], \[aq]d\[aq]) != NULL) flags |= FTW_DEPTH; - if (argc > 2 && strchr(argv[2], \(aqp\(aq) != NULL) + if (argc > 2 && strchr(argv[2], \[aq]p\[aq]) != NULL) flags |= FTW_PHYS; if (nftw((argc < 2) ? "." : argv[1], display_info, 20, flags) diff --git a/man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 b/man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 index 3ca5d9858f..b9f239db3f 100644 --- a/man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 +++ b/man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 @@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ getcmd(void) if (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin) == NULL) return NULL; - if (buf[strlen(buf) \- 1] == \(aq\en\(aq) + if (buf[strlen(buf) \- 1] == \[aq]\en\[aq]) buf[strlen(buf) \- 1] = 0; return buf; @@ -582,16 +582,16 @@ main(void) list_requests(); } else { switch (cmd[0]) { - case \(aqa\(aq: + case \[aq]a\[aq]: add_requests(); break; - case \(aqw\(aq: + case \[aq]w\[aq]: wait_requests(); break; - case \(aqc\(aq: + case \[aq]c\[aq]: cancel_requests(); break; - case \(aql\(aq: + case \[aq]l\[aq]: list_requests(); break; default: diff --git a/man3/getdate.3 b/man3/getdate.3 index e12c80456c..bbb1442679 100644 --- a/man3/getdate.3 +++ b/man3/getdate.3 @@ -229,12 +229,12 @@ The following shell session demonstrates the operation of the program: .in +4n .EX .RB "$" " TFILE=$PWD/tfile" -.RB "$" " echo \(aq%A\(aq > $TFILE " " # Full name of the day of the week" -.RB "$" " echo \(aq%T\(aq >> $TFILE" " # Time (HH:MM:SS)" -.RB "$" " echo \(aq%F\(aq >> $TFILE" " # ISO date (YYYY\-MM\-DD)" +.RB "$" " echo \[aq]%A\[aq] > $TFILE " " # Full name of the day of the week" +.RB "$" " echo \[aq]%T\[aq] >> $TFILE" " # Time (HH:MM:SS)" +.RB "$" " echo \[aq]%F\[aq] >> $TFILE" " # ISO date (YYYY\-MM\-DD)" .RB "$" " date" .RB "$" " export DATEMSK=$TFILE" -.RB "$" " ./a.out Tuesday \(aq2009\-12\-28\(aq \(aq12:22:33\(aq" +.RB "$" " ./a.out Tuesday \[aq]2009\-12\-28\[aq] \[aq]12:22:33\[aq]" Sun Sep 7 06:03:36 CEST 2008 Call 1 ("Tuesday") succeeded: tm_sec = 36 diff --git a/man3/getline.3 b/man3/getline.3 index 66877f3452..9ba0681f19 100644 --- a/man3/getline.3 +++ b/man3/getline.3 @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ On success, and .BR getdelim () return the number of characters read, including the delimiter character, -but not including the terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). +but not including the terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). This value can be used to handle embedded null bytes in the line read. .PP diff --git a/man3/getlogin.3 b/man3/getlogin.3 index 5c1a8e6a11..283a3c7bd0 100644 --- a/man3/getlogin.3 +++ b/man3/getlogin.3 @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ The calling process has no controlling terminal. .TP .B ERANGE (getlogin_r) -The length of the username, including the terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq), +The length of the username, including the terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]), is larger than .IR bufsize . .PP diff --git a/man3/getopt.3 b/man3/getopt.3 index fefa24e124..ef31a697c8 100644 --- a/man3/getopt.3 +++ b/man3/getopt.3 @@ -73,11 +73,11 @@ and are the argument count and array as passed to the .IR main () function on program invocation. -An element of \fIargv\fP that starts with \(aq\-\(aq +An element of \fIargv\fP that starts with \[aq]\-\[aq] (and is not exactly "\-" or "\-\-") is an option element. The characters of this element -(aside from the initial \(aq\-\(aq) are option characters. +(aside from the initial \[aq]\-\[aq]) are option characters. If .BR getopt () is called repeatedly, it returns successively each of the option characters @@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ A legitimate option character is any visible one byte .BR ascii (7) character (for which .BR isgraph (3) -would return nonzero) that is not \(aq\-\(aq, \(aq:\(aq, or \(aq;\(aq. +would return nonzero) that is not \[aq]\-\[aq], \[aq]:\[aq], or \[aq];\[aq]. If such a character is followed by a colon, the option requires an argument, so .BR getopt () @@ -146,19 +146,19 @@ permutes the contents of \fIargv\fP as it scans, so that eventually all the nonoptions are at the end. Two other scanning modes are also implemented. If the first character of -\fIoptstring\fP is \(aq+\(aq or the environment variable +\fIoptstring\fP is \[aq]+\[aq] or the environment variable .B POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, then option processing stops as soon as a nonoption argument is encountered. -If \(aq+\(aq is not the first character of +If \[aq]+\[aq] is not the first character of .IR optstring , it is treated as a normal option. If .B POSIXLY_CORRECT behaviour is required in this case .I optstring -will contain two \(aq+\(aq symbols. -If the first character of \fIoptstring\fP is \(aq\-\(aq, then +will contain two \[aq]+\[aq] symbols. +If the first character of \fIoptstring\fP is \[aq]\-\[aq], then each nonoption \fIargv\fP-element is handled as if it were the argument of an option with character code 1. (This is used by programs that were @@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ By default, prints an error message on standard error, places the erroneous option character in .IR optopt , -and returns \(aq?\(aq as the function result. +and returns \[aq]?\[aq] as the function result. .IP \(bu If the caller has set the global variable .I opterr @@ -189,18 +189,18 @@ to zero, then .BR getopt () does not print an error message. The caller can determine that there was an error by testing whether -the function return value is \(aq?\(aq. +the function return value is \[aq]?\[aq]. (By default, .I opterr has a nonzero value.) .IP \(bu If the first character -(following any optional \(aq+\(aq or \(aq\-\(aq described above) +(following any optional \[aq]+\[aq] or \[aq]\-\[aq] described above) of \fIoptstring\fP -is a colon (\(aq:\(aq), then +is a colon (\[aq]:\[aq]), then .BR getopt () likewise does not print an error message. -In addition, it returns \(aq:\(aq instead of \(aq?\(aq to +In addition, it returns \[aq]:\[aq] instead of \[aq]?\[aq] to indicate a missing option argument. This allows the caller to distinguish the two different types of errors. .\" @@ -277,9 +277,9 @@ points to a variable which is set to the index of the long option relative to .BR getopt_long_only () is like .BR getopt_long (), -but \(aq\-\(aq as well +but \[aq]\-\[aq] as well as "\-\-" can indicate a long option. -If an option that starts with \(aq\-\(aq +If an option that starts with \[aq]\-\[aq] (not "\-\-") doesn't match a long option, but does match a short option, it is parsed as a short option instead. .SH RETURN VALUE @@ -293,13 +293,13 @@ If .BR getopt () encounters an option character that was not in .IR optstring , -then \(aq?\(aq is returned. +then \[aq]?\[aq] is returned. If .BR getopt () encounters an option with a missing argument, then the return value depends on the first character in .IR optstring : -if it is \(aq:\(aq, then \(aq:\(aq is returned; otherwise \(aq?\(aq is returned. +if it is \[aq]:\[aq], then \[aq]:\[aq] is returned; otherwise \[aq]?\[aq] is returned. .PP .BR getopt_long () and @@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ For a long option, they return \fIval\fP if \fIflag\fP is NULL, and 0 otherwise. Error and \-1 returns are the same as for .BR getopt (), -plus \(aq?\(aq for an +plus \[aq]?\[aq] for an ambiguous match or an extraneous parameter. .SH ENVIRONMENT .TP @@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ Nevertheless, .I const is used in the prototype to be compatible with other systems. .IP -The use of \(aq+\(aq and \(aq\-\(aq in +The use of \[aq]+\[aq] and \[aq]\-\[aq] in .I optstring is a GNU extension. .IP @@ -384,8 +384,8 @@ These functions are GNU extensions. .SH NOTES A program that scans multiple argument vectors, or rescans the same vector more than once, -and wants to make use of GNU extensions such as \(aq+\(aq -and \(aq\-\(aq at the start of +and wants to make use of GNU extensions such as \[aq]+\[aq] +and \[aq]\-\[aq] at the start of .IR optstring , or changes the value of .B POSIXLY_CORRECT @@ -445,14 +445,14 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) flags = 0; while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "nt:")) != \-1) { switch (opt) { - case \(aqn\(aq: + case \[aq]n\[aq]: flags = 1; break; - case \(aqt\(aq: + case \[aq]t\[aq]: nsecs = atoi(optarg); tfnd = 1; break; - default: /* \(aq?\(aq */ + default: /* \[aq]?\[aq] */ fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [\-t nsecs] [\-n] name\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); @@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) {"append", no_argument, 0, 0 }, {"delete", required_argument, 0, 0 }, {"verbose", no_argument, 0, 0 }, - {"create", required_argument, 0, \(aqc\(aq}, + {"create", required_argument, 0, \[aq]c\[aq]}, {"file", required_argument, 0, 0 }, {0, 0, 0, 0 } }; @@ -518,32 +518,32 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) printf("\en"); break; - case \(aq0\(aq: - case \(aq1\(aq: - case \(aq2\(aq: + case \[aq]0\[aq]: + case \[aq]1\[aq]: + case \[aq]2\[aq]: if (digit_optind != 0 && digit_optind != this_option_optind) printf("digits occur in two different argv\-elements.\en"); digit_optind = this_option_optind; printf("option %c\en", c); break; - case \(aqa\(aq: + case \[aq]a\[aq]: printf("option a\en"); break; - case \(aqb\(aq: + case \[aq]b\[aq]: printf("option b\en"); break; - case \(aqc\(aq: - printf("option c with value \(aq%s\(aq\en", optarg); + case \[aq]c\[aq]: + printf("option c with value \[aq]%s\[aq]\en", optarg); break; - case \(aqd\(aq: - printf("option d with value \(aq%s\(aq\en", optarg); + case \[aq]d\[aq]: + printf("option d with value \[aq]%s\[aq]\en", optarg); break; - case \(aq?\(aq: + case \[aq]?\[aq]: break; default: diff --git a/man3/getpass.3 b/man3/getpass.3 index 93ce3ddd34..378580495b 100644 --- a/man3/getpass.3 +++ b/man3/getpass.3 @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ The function returns a pointer to a static buffer containing (the first .B PASS_MAX bytes of) the password without the trailing -newline, terminated by a null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). +newline, terminated by a null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). This buffer may be overwritten by a following call. On error, the terminal state is restored, .I errno diff --git a/man3/gets.3 b/man3/gets.3 index 0c63da9860..b77dad5c46 100644 --- a/man3/gets.3 +++ b/man3/gets.3 @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ into the buffer pointed to by .I s until either a terminating newline or .BR EOF , -which it replaces with a null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). +which it replaces with a null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). No check for buffer overrun is performed (see BUGS below). .SH RETURN VALUE .BR gets () diff --git a/man3/getsubopt.3 b/man3/getsubopt.3 index 4e876a0b1d..e565a6ece5 100644 --- a/man3/getsubopt.3 +++ b/man3/getsubopt.3 @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ When returns, .I optionp points to the next suboption, -or to the null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq) at the end of the +or to the null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) at the end of the string if the last suboption was just processed. .SH RETURN VALUE If the first suboption in @@ -190,9 +190,9 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "o:")) != \-1) { switch (opt) { - case \(aqo\(aq: + case \[aq]o\[aq]: subopts = optarg; - while (*subopts != \(aq\e0\(aq && !errfnd) { + while (*subopts != \[aq]\e0\[aq] && !errfnd) { switch (getsubopt(&subopts, token, &value)) { case RO_OPT: @@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) case NAME_OPT: if (value == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, - "Missing value for suboption \(aq%s\(aq\en", + "Missing value for suboption \[aq]%s\[aq]\en", token[NAME_OPT]); errfnd = 1; continue; @@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) } if (readwrite && readonly) { fprintf(stderr, - "Only one of \(aq%s\(aq and \(aq%s\(aq can be specified\en", + "Only one of \[aq]%s\[aq] and \[aq]%s\[aq] can be specified\en", token[RO_OPT], token[RW_OPT]); errfnd = 1; } @@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) if (errfnd || argc == 1) { fprintf(stderr, "\enUsage: %s \-o <suboptstring>\en", argv[0]); fprintf(stderr, - "suboptions are \(aqro\(aq, \(aqrw\(aq, and \(aqname=<value>\(aq\en"); + "suboptions are \[aq]ro\[aq], \[aq]rw\[aq], and \[aq]name=<value>\[aq]\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } diff --git a/man3/glob.3 b/man3/glob.3 index 580a5f02e8..a3923e2329 100644 --- a/man3/glob.3 +++ b/man3/glob.3 @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ Do not set this flag on the first invocation of .BR glob (). .TP .B GLOB_NOESCAPE -Don't allow backslash (\(aq\e\(aq) to be used as an escape +Don't allow backslash (\[aq]\e\[aq]) to be used as an escape character. Normally, a backslash can be used to quote the following character, providing a mechanism to turn off the special meaning @@ -160,8 +160,8 @@ even if there is no file with that name. .TP .B GLOB_TILDE Carry out tilde expansion. -If a tilde (\(aq\(ti\(aq) is the only character in the pattern, -or an initial tilde is followed immediately by a slash (\(aq/\(aq), +If a tilde (\[aq]\(ti\[aq]) is the only character in the pattern, +or an initial tilde is followed immediately by a slash (\[aq]/\[aq]), then the home directory of the caller is substituted for the tilde. If an initial tilde is followed by a username (e.g., "\(tiandrea/bin"), diff --git a/man3/inet_net_pton.3 b/man3/inet_net_pton.3 index 566b49aae5..6010e3bb70 100644 --- a/man3/inet_net_pton.3 +++ b/man3/inet_net_pton.3 @@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) printf("inet_net_pton() returned: %d\en", bits); - /* Convert binary format back to presentation, using \(aqbits\(aq + /* Convert binary format back to presentation, using \[aq]bits\[aq] returned by inet_net_pton(). */ if (inet_net_ntop(AF_INET, &addr, bits, buf, sizeof(buf)) == NULL) @@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) printf("inet_net_ntop() yielded: %s\en", buf); - /* Display \(aqaddr\(aq in raw form (in network byte order), so we can + /* Display \[aq]addr\[aq] in raw form (in network byte order), so we can see bytes not displayed by inet_net_ntop(); some of those bytes may not have been touched by inet_net_ntop(), and so will still have any initial value that was specified in argv[2]. */ diff --git a/man3/insque.3 b/man3/insque.3 index a9432ffd1a..cc47c8e76c 100644 --- a/man3/insque.3 +++ b/man3/insque.3 @@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) circular = 0; while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "c")) != \-1) { switch (opt) { - case \(aqc\(aq: + case \[aq]c\[aq]: circular = 1; break; default: diff --git a/man3/isalpha.3 b/man3/isalpha.3 index 6341a67bda..78acf53616 100644 --- a/man3/isalpha.3 +++ b/man3/isalpha.3 @@ -176,15 +176,15 @@ In the and .B """POSIX""" locales, these are: space, form-feed -.RB ( \(aq\ef\(aq ), +.RB ( \[aq]\ef\[aq] ), newline -.RB ( \(aq\en\(aq ), +.RB ( \[aq]\en\[aq] ), carriage return -.RB ( \(aq\er\(aq ), +.RB ( \[aq]\er\[aq] ), horizontal tab -.RB ( \(aq\et\(aq ), +.RB ( \[aq]\et\[aq] ), and vertical tab -.RB ( \(aq\ev\(aq ). +.RB ( \[aq]\ev\[aq] ). .TP .BR isupper () checks for an uppercase letter. diff --git a/man3/iswalnum.3 b/man3/iswalnum.3 index ebe4216ecb..e7dbc7f198 100644 --- a/man3/iswalnum.3 +++ b/man3/iswalnum.3 @@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ The wide-character class "alnum" is the union of the wide-character classes As such, it also contains the wide-character class "xdigit". .PP -The wide-character class "alnum" always contains at least the letters \(aqA\(aq -to \(aqZ\(aq, \(aqa\(aq to \(aqz\(aq and the digits \(aq0\(aq to \(aq9\(aq. +The wide-character class "alnum" always contains at least the letters \[aq]A\[aq] +to \[aq]Z\[aq], \[aq]a\[aq] to \[aq]z\[aq] and the digits \[aq]0\[aq] to \[aq]9\[aq]. .SH RETURN VALUE The .BR iswalnum () diff --git a/man3/iswalpha.3 b/man3/iswalpha.3 index f13661a453..e338d22c19 100644 --- a/man3/iswalpha.3 +++ b/man3/iswalpha.3 @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ The wide-character class "alpha" contains the wide-character classes "upper" and "lower". .PP The wide-character class "alpha" always contains at least the -letters \(aqA\(aq to \(aqZ\(aq and \(aqa\(aq to \(aqz\(aq. +letters \[aq]A\[aq] to \[aq]Z\[aq] and \[aq]a\[aq] to \[aq]z\[aq]. .SH RETURN VALUE The .BR iswalpha () diff --git a/man3/iswblank.3 b/man3/iswblank.3 index e34e3a6936..21eeb14a25 100644 --- a/man3/iswblank.3 +++ b/man3/iswblank.3 @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ from its subclasses "alnum", "alpha", "upper", "lower", "digit", .PP The wide-character class "blank" always contains at least the space character -and the control character \(aq\et\(aq. +and the control character \[aq]\et\[aq]. .SH RETURN VALUE The .BR iswblank () diff --git a/man3/iswdigit.3 b/man3/iswdigit.3 index 9c54ad5d61..630208a9b8 100644 --- a/man3/iswdigit.3 +++ b/man3/iswdigit.3 @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ disjoint from the wide-character class "alpha" and therefore also disjoint from its subclasses "lower", "upper". .PP The wide-character class "digit" always -contains exactly the digits \(aq0\(aq to \(aq9\(aq. +contains exactly the digits \[aq]0\[aq] to \[aq]9\[aq]. .SH RETURN VALUE The .BR iswdigit () diff --git a/man3/iswlower.3 b/man3/iswlower.3 index 4ee25e4b8f..f384b28b5b 100644 --- a/man3/iswlower.3 +++ b/man3/iswlower.3 @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ and different from .IR towupper(wc) . .PP The wide-character class "lower" always contains -at least the letters \(aqa\(aq to \(aqz\(aq. +at least the letters \[aq]a\[aq] to \[aq]z\[aq]. .SH RETURN VALUE The .BR iswlower () diff --git a/man3/iswspace.3 b/man3/iswspace.3 index 2f81b2e3e5..1c1e22f5e4 100644 --- a/man3/iswspace.3 +++ b/man3/iswspace.3 @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ The wide-character class "space" contains the wide-character class "blank". .PP The wide-character class "space" always contains at least the space character and the control -characters \(aq\ef\(aq, \(aq\en\(aq, \(aq\er\(aq, \(aq\et\(aq, \(aq\ev\(aq. +characters \[aq]\ef\[aq], \[aq]\en\[aq], \[aq]\er\[aq], \[aq]\et\[aq], \[aq]\ev\[aq]. .SH RETURN VALUE The .BR iswspace () diff --git a/man3/iswupper.3 b/man3/iswupper.3 index 5f8ee2d134..778379f9e4 100644 --- a/man3/iswupper.3 +++ b/man3/iswupper.3 @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ and different from .IR towlower(wc) . .PP The wide-character class "upper" always contains at least the -letters \(aqA\(aq to \(aqZ\(aq. +letters \[aq]A\[aq] to \[aq]Z\[aq]. .SH RETURN VALUE The .BR iswupper () diff --git a/man3/iswxdigit.3 b/man3/iswxdigit.3 index 34f6e0cfac..be10101d9a 100644 --- a/man3/iswxdigit.3 +++ b/man3/iswxdigit.3 @@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ Being a subclass of the wide-character class "alnum", the wide-character class "xdigit" is disjoint from the wide-character class "punct". .PP The wide-character class "xdigit" always contains at least the -letters \(aqA\(aq to \(aqF\(aq, \(aqa\(aq to \(aqf\(aq -and the digits \(aq0\(aq to \(aq9\(aq. +letters \[aq]A\[aq] to \[aq]F\[aq], \[aq]a\[aq] to \[aq]f\[aq] +and the digits \[aq]0\[aq] to \[aq]9\[aq]. .SH RETURN VALUE The .BR iswxdigit () diff --git a/man3/malloc_info.3 b/man3/malloc_info.3 index d95c761963..79769395de 100644 --- a/man3/malloc_info.3 +++ b/man3/malloc_info.3 @@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ thread_func(void *arg) { int tn = (int) arg; - /* The multiplier \(aq(2 + tn)\(aq ensures that each thread (including + /* The multiplier \[aq](2 + tn)\[aq] ensures that each thread (including the main thread) allocates a different amount of memory. */ for (unsigned int j = 0; j < numBlocks; j++) @@ -229,8 +229,8 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "pthread_create"); /* If we add a sleep interval after the start\-up of each - thread, the threads likely won\(aqt contend for malloc - mutexes, and therefore additional arenas won\(aqt be + thread, the threads likely won\[aq]t contend for malloc + mutexes, and therefore additional arenas won\[aq]t be allocated (see malloc(3)). */ if (sleepTime > 0) diff --git a/man3/matherr.3 b/man3/matherr.3 index b6075d3262..40ff9a62df 100644 --- a/man3/matherr.3 +++ b/man3/matherr.3 @@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ x=12345.000000 static int matherr_ret = 0; /* Value that matherr() should return */ static int change_retval = 0; /* Should matherr() change - function\(aqs return value? */ + function\[aq]s return value? */ static double new_retval; /* New function return value */ int diff --git a/man3/mbrtowc.3 b/man3/mbrtowc.3 index cf401c9fa0..b644b709d0 100644 --- a/man3/mbrtowc.3 +++ b/man3/mbrtowc.3 @@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ multibyte character, converts it to a wide character and stores it at It updates the shift state .IR *ps . If the converted wide -character is not L\(aq\e0\(aq (the null wide character), +character is not L\[aq]\e0\[aq] (the null wide character), it returns the number of bytes that were consumed from .IR s . -If the converted wide character is L\(aq\e0\(aq, it resets the shift +If the converted wide character is L\[aq]\e0\[aq], it resets the shift state .I *ps to the initial state and returns 0. @@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ The function returns the number of bytes parsed from the multibyte sequence starting at .IR s , -if a non-L\(aq\e0\(aq wide character +if a non-L\[aq]\e0\[aq] wide character was recognized. -It returns 0, if a L\(aq\e0\(aq wide character was recognized. +It returns 0, if a L\[aq]\e0\[aq] wide character was recognized. It returns .I (size_t)\ \-1 and sets diff --git a/man3/mbsnrtowcs.3 b/man3/mbsnrtowcs.3 index a3dff48dd2..5df6aaeed7 100644 --- a/man3/mbsnrtowcs.3 +++ b/man3/mbsnrtowcs.3 @@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ The limit forces a stop, or .I len -non-L\(aq\e0\(aq wide characters +non-L\[aq]\e0\[aq] wide characters have been stored at .IR dest . In this case, @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ written to is returned. .IP \(bu The multibyte string has been completely converted, including the -terminating null wide character (\(aq\e0\(aq) +terminating null wide character (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) (which has the side effect of bringing back .I *ps to the diff --git a/man3/mbsrtowcs.3 b/man3/mbsrtowcs.3 index c870c6395f..e29ea35fbb 100644 --- a/man3/mbsrtowcs.3 +++ b/man3/mbsrtowcs.3 @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ is set to .BR EILSEQ . .IP \(bu .I len -non-L\(aq\e0\(aq wide characters have been stored at +non-L\[aq]\e0\[aq] wide characters have been stored at .IR dest . In this case, .I *src @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ and the number of wide characters written to is returned. .IP \(bu The multibyte string has been completely converted, including the -terminating null wide character (\(aq\e0\(aq), which has the side +terminating null wide character (\[aq]\e0\[aq]), which has the side effect of bringing back .I *ps to the diff --git a/man3/mbstowcs.3 b/man3/mbstowcs.3 index d7079fc183..166af33bc5 100644 --- a/man3/mbstowcs.3 +++ b/man3/mbstowcs.3 @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ In this case, is returned. .IP \(bu .I n -non-L\(aq\e0\(aq wide characters have been stored at +non-L\[aq]\e0\[aq] wide characters have been stored at .IR dest . In this case, the number of wide characters written to .I dest @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ is returned, but the shift state at this point is lost. .IP \(bu The multibyte string has been completely converted, including the -terminating null character (\(aq\e0\(aq). +terminating null character (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). In this case, the number of wide characters written to .IR dest , excluding the terminating null wide character, is returned. @@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) printf(" %zu multibyte characters\en\en", mbslen); /* Allocate wide character string of the desired size. Add 1 - to allow for terminating null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq). */ + to allow for terminating null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]). */ wcs = calloc(mbslen + 1, sizeof(*wcs)); if (wcs == NULL) { @@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) printf("lower "); } - putchar(\(aq\en\(aq); + putchar(\[aq]\en\[aq]); } exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); diff --git a/man3/mbtowc.3 b/man3/mbtowc.3 index 21145b55fd..d2eda1c709 100644 --- a/man3/mbtowc.3 +++ b/man3/mbtowc.3 @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ It updates an internal shift state known only to the function. If .I s -does not point to a null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq), it returns the number +does not point to a null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]), it returns the number of bytes that were consumed from .IR s , otherwise it returns 0. diff --git a/man3/newlocale.3 b/man3/newlocale.3 index 3da77490a4..70dbc75281 100644 --- a/man3/newlocale.3 +++ b/man3/newlocale.3 @@ -311,8 +311,8 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) /* If a second command\-line argument was specified, modify the locale object to take the LC_TIME settings from the locale specified in argv[2]. We assign the result of this newlocale() - call to \(aqnloc\(aq rather than \(aqloc\(aq, since in some cases, we might - want to preserve \(aqloc\(aq if this call fails. */ + call to \[aq]nloc\[aq] rather than \[aq]loc\[aq], since in some cases, we might + want to preserve \[aq]loc\[aq] if this call fails. */ if (argc > 2) { nloc = newlocale(LC_TIME_MASK, argv[2], loc); @@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) /* Free the locale object. */ - uselocale(LC_GLOBAL_LOCALE); /* So \(aqloc\(aq is no longer in use */ + uselocale(LC_GLOBAL_LOCALE); /* So \[aq]loc\[aq] is no longer in use */ freelocale(loc); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); diff --git a/man3/perror.3 b/man3/perror.3 index 1190884d1e..a581c33408 100644 --- a/man3/perror.3 +++ b/man3/perror.3 @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ First (if .I s is not NULL and .I *s -is not a null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq)), the argument string +is not a null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq])), the argument string .I s is printed, followed by a colon and a blank. Then an error message corresponding to the current value of diff --git a/man3/popen.3 b/man3/popen.3 index 82316b23de..7d4736ec85 100644 --- a/man3/popen.3 +++ b/man3/popen.3 @@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ flag; interpretation, if any, is performed by the shell. The .I type argument is a pointer to a null-terminated string which must contain -either the letter \(aqr\(aq for reading or the letter \(aqw\(aq for writing. +either the letter \[aq]r\[aq] for reading or the letter \[aq]w\[aq] for writing. Since glibc 2.9, -this argument can additionally include the letter \(aqe\(aq, +this argument can additionally include the letter \[aq]e\[aq], which causes the close-on-exec flag .RB ( FD_CLOEXEC ) to be set on the underlying file descriptor; @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ T} Thread safety MT-Safe .SH STANDARDS POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008. .PP -The \(aqe\(aq value for +The \[aq]e\[aq] value for .I type is a Linux extension. .SH NOTES diff --git a/man3/posix_spawn.3 b/man3/posix_spawn.3 index 0a7617edfa..d2d168d89e 100644 --- a/man3/posix_spawn.3 +++ b/man3/posix_spawn.3 @@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "sc")) != \-1) { switch (opt) { - case \(aqc\(aq: /* \-c: close standard output in child */ + case \[aq]c\[aq]: /* \-c: close standard output in child */ /* Create a file actions object and add a "close" action to it. */ @@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) file_actionsp = &file_actions; break; - case \(aqs\(aq: /* \-s: block all signals in child */ + case \[aq]s\[aq]: /* \-s: block all signals in child */ /* Create an attributes object and add a "set signal mask" action to it. */ @@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) /* Spawn the child. The name of the program to execute and the command\-line arguments are taken from the command\-line arguments of this program. The environment of the program execed in the - child is made the same as the parent\(aqs environment. */ + child is made the same as the parent\[aq]s environment. */ s = posix_spawnp(&child_pid, argv[optind], file_actionsp, attrp, &argv[optind], environ); diff --git a/man3/printf.3 b/man3/printf.3 index e259e8f731..ac510e59ea 100644 --- a/man3/printf.3 +++ b/man3/printf.3 @@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ and .BR vsnprintf () write at most .I size -bytes (including the terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq)) to +bytes (including the terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq])) to .IR str . .PP The functions @@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ The overall syntax of a conversion specification is: The arguments must correspond properly (after type promotion) with the conversion specifier. By default, the arguments are used in the order -given, where each \(aq*\(aq (see +given, where each \[aq]*\[aq] (see .I "Field width" and .I Precision @@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ below) and each conversion specifier asks for the next argument (and it is an error if insufficiently many arguments are given). One can also specify explicitly which argument is taken, at each place where an argument is required, by writing "%m$" instead -of \(aq%\(aq and "*m$" instead of \(aq*\(aq, +of \[aq]%\[aq] and "*m$" instead of \[aq]*\[aq], where the decimal integer \fIm\fP denotes the position in the argument list of the desired argument, indexed starting from 1. @@ -218,14 +218,14 @@ printf("%2$*1$d", width, num); are equivalent. The second style allows repeated references to the same argument. -The C99 standard does not include the style using \(aq$\(aq, +The C99 standard does not include the style using \[aq]$\[aq], which comes from the Single UNIX Specification. If the style using -\(aq$\(aq is used, it must be used throughout for all conversions taking an +\[aq]$\[aq] is used, it must be used throughout for all conversions taking an argument and all width and precision arguments, but it may be mixed with "%%" formats, which do not consume an argument. There may be no -gaps in the numbers of arguments specified using \(aq$\(aq; for example, if +gaps in the numbers of arguments specified using \[aq]$\[aq]; for example, if arguments 1 and 3 are specified, argument 2 must also be specified somewhere in the format string. .PP @@ -238,12 +238,12 @@ part of the locale. (See .BR setlocale (3).) The POSIX locale -uses \(aq.\(aq as radix character, and does not have a grouping character. +uses \[aq].\[aq] as radix character, and does not have a grouping character. Thus, .PP .in +4n .EX -printf("%\(aq.2f", 1234567.89); +printf("%\[aq].2f", 1234567.89); .EE .in .PP @@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ overrides a .B \&0 if both are given. .TP -.B \(aq \(aq +.B \[aq] \[aq] (a space) A blank should be left before a positive number (or empty string) produced by a signed conversion. .TP @@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ overrides a space if both are used. The five flag characters above are defined in the C99 standard. The Single UNIX Specification specifies one further flag character. .TP -.B \(aq +.B \[aq] For decimal conversion .RB ( i , .BR d , @@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ Note that many versions of .BR gcc (1) cannot parse this option and will issue a warning. (SUSv2 did not -include \fI%\(aqF\fP, but SUSv3 added it.) +include \fI%\[aq]F\fP, but SUSv3 added it.) Note also that the default locale of a C program is "C" whose locale information indicates no thousands' grouping character. Therefore, without a prior call to @@ -409,20 +409,20 @@ Instead of a decimal digit string one may write "*" or "*m$" is given in the next argument, or in the \fIm\fP-th argument, respectively, which must be of type .IR int . -A negative field width is taken as a \(aq\-\(aq flag followed by a +A negative field width is taken as a \[aq]\-\[aq] flag followed by a positive field width. In no case does a nonexistent or small field width cause truncation of a field; if the result of a conversion is wider than the field width, the field is expanded to contain the conversion result. .SS Precision -An optional precision, in the form of a period (\(aq.\(aq) followed by an +An optional precision, in the form of a period (\[aq].\[aq]) followed by an optional decimal digit string. Instead of a decimal digit string one may write "*" or "*m$" (for some decimal integer \fIm\fP) to specify that the precision is given in the next argument, or in the \fIm\fP-th argument, respectively, which must be of type .IR int . -If the precision is given as just \(aq.\(aq, the precision is taken to +If the precision is given as just \[aq].\[aq], the precision is taken to be zero. A negative precision is taken as if the precision were omitted. This gives the minimum number of digits to appear for @@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ modifier is present: the argument is expected to be a pointer to an array of character type (pointer to a string). Characters from the array are written up to (but not -including) a terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq); +including) a terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]); if a precision is specified, no more than the number specified are written. If a precision is given, no null byte need be present; @@ -870,10 +870,10 @@ in the alternate form). No argument is required. .TP .B % -A \(aq%\(aq is written. +A \[aq]%\[aq] is written. No argument is converted. The complete conversion -specification is \(aq%%\(aq. +specification is \[aq]%%\[aq]. .SH RETURN VALUE Upon successful return, these functions return the number of characters printed (excluding the null byte used to end output to strings). @@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ and .BR vsnprintf () do not write more than .I size -bytes (including the terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq)). +bytes (including the terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq])). If the output was truncated due to this limit, then the return value is the number of characters (excluding the terminating null byte) which would have been written to the final string if enough space @@ -910,7 +910,7 @@ If an output error is encountered, a negative value is returned. .\" No locale-dependent radix character, .\" no thousands' separator, no NaN or infinity, no "%m$" and "*m$". .\" .PP -.\" Linux libc5 knows about the five C standard flags and the \(aq flag, +.\" Linux libc5 knows about the five C standard flags and the \[aq] flag, .\" locale, "%m$" and "*m$". .\" It knows about the length modifiers \fBh\fP, \fBl\fP, \fBL\fP, .\" \fBZ\fP, and \fBq\fP, but accepts \fBL\fP and \fBq\fP @@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@ make_message(const char *fmt, ...) if (n < 0) return NULL; - size = (size_t) n + 1; /* One extra byte for \(aq\e0\(aq */ + size = (size_t) n + 1; /* One extra byte for \[aq]\e0\[aq] */ p = malloc(size); if (p == NULL) return NULL; diff --git a/man3/pthread_cancel.3 b/man3/pthread_cancel.3 index ef1b28dde5..a0d0a21f76 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_cancel.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_cancel.3 @@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ thread_func(void *ignored_argument) { int s; - /* Disable cancelation for a while, so that we don\(aqt + /* Disable cancelation for a while, so that we don\[aq]t immediately react to a cancelation request. */ s = pthread_setcancelstate(PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE, NULL); @@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ main(void) if (res == PTHREAD_CANCELED) printf("%s(): thread was canceled\en", __func__); else - printf("%s(): thread wasn\(aqt canceled (shouldn\(aqt happen!)\en", + printf("%s(): thread wasn\[aq]t canceled (shouldn\[aq]t happen!)\en", __func__); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } diff --git a/man3/pthread_cleanup_push.3 b/man3/pthread_cleanup_push.3 index 3f0bdd5ddd..adfbce911f 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_cleanup_push.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_cleanup_push.3 @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ POSIX.1 permits and .BR pthread_cleanup_pop () to be implemented as macros that expand to text -containing \(aq\fB{\fP\(aq and \(aq\fB}\fP\(aq, respectively. +containing \[aq]\fB{\fP\[aq] and \[aq]\fB}\fP\[aq], respectively. For this reason, the caller must ensure that calls to these functions are paired within the same function, and at the same lexical nesting level. @@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ and functions .I are implemented as macros that expand to text -containing \(aq\fB{\fP\(aq and \(aq\fB}\fP\(aq, respectively. +containing \[aq]\fB{\fP\[aq] and \[aq]\fB}\fP\[aq], respectively. This means that variables declared within the scope of paired calls to these functions will be visible within only that scope. .PP diff --git a/man3/pthread_create.3 b/man3/pthread_create.3 index e553479a40..2f0d3c7f6c 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_create.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_create.3 @@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ thread_start(void *arg) if (uargv == NULL) handle_error("strdup"); - for (char *p = uargv; *p != \(aq\e0\(aq; p++) + for (char *p = uargv; *p != \[aq]\e0\[aq]; p++) *p = toupper(*p); return uargv; @@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) stack_size = \-1; while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "s:")) != \-1) { switch (opt) { - case \(aqs\(aq: + case \[aq]s\[aq]: stack_size = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0); break; diff --git a/man3/pthread_getattr_np.3 b/man3/pthread_getattr_np.3 index b1305166bb..dc3b590a8f 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_getattr_np.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_getattr_np.3 @@ -262,9 +262,9 @@ get_thread_attributes_from_cl(int argc, char *argv[], while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "ag:s:")) != \-1) { switch (opt) { - case \(aqa\(aq: allocate_stack = 1; break; - case \(aqg\(aq: guard_size = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0); break; - case \(aqs\(aq: stack_size = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0); break; + case \[aq]a\[aq]: allocate_stack = 1; break; + case \[aq]g\[aq]: guard_size = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0); break; + case \[aq]s\[aq]: stack_size = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0); break; default: usage(argv[0], NULL); } } diff --git a/man3/pthread_setname_np.3 b/man3/pthread_setname_np.3 index 8c59546fc1..2122914518 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_setname_np.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_setname_np.3 @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ function can be used to set a unique name for a thread, which can be useful for debugging multithreaded applications. The thread name is a meaningful C language string, whose length is -restricted to 16 characters, including the terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). +restricted to 16 characters, including the terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). The .I thread argument specifies the thread whose name is to be changed; @@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ Created a thread. Default name is: a.out The thread name after setting it is THREADFOO. \fB\(haZ\fP # Suspend the program [1]+ Stopped ./a.out -.RB "$ " "ps H \-C a.out \-o \(aqpid tid cmd comm\(aq" +.RB "$ " "ps H \-C a.out \-o \[aq]pid tid cmd comm\[aq]" PID TID CMD COMMAND 5990 5990 ./a.out a.out 5990 5991 ./a.out THREADFOO diff --git a/man3/pthread_setschedparam.3 b/man3/pthread_setschedparam.3 index 70aa2d3768..7a95b18be2 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_setschedparam.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_setschedparam.3 @@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ Password: Scheduler settings of main thread policy=SCHED_FIFO, priority=10 -Scheduler settings in \(aqattr\(aq +Scheduler settings in \[aq]attr\[aq] policy=SCHED_RR, priority=20 inheritsched is EXPLICIT @@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ and instead take their scheduling attributes from the creating thread. Scheduler settings of main thread policy=SCHED_FIFO, priority=10 -Scheduler settings in \(aqattr\(aq +Scheduler settings in \[aq]attr\[aq] policy=SCHED_RR, priority=20 inheritsched is INHERIT @@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ usage(char *prog_name, char *msg) fpe(" o SCHED_OTHER\en"); fpe("\-A Use default thread attributes object\en"); fpe("\-i {e|i} Set inherit scheduler attribute to\en"); - fpe(" \(aqexplicit\(aq or \(aqinherit\(aq\en"); + fpe(" \[aq]explicit\[aq] or \[aq]inherit\[aq]\en"); fpe("\-m<policy><prio> Set scheduling policy and priority on\en"); fpe(" main thread before pthread_create() call\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); @@ -263,9 +263,9 @@ static int get_policy(char p, int *policy) { switch (p) { - case \(aqf\(aq: *policy = SCHED_FIFO; return 1; - case \(aqr\(aq: *policy = SCHED_RR; return 1; - case \(aqo\(aq: *policy = SCHED_OTHER; return 1; + case \[aq]f\[aq]: *policy = SCHED_FIFO; return 1; + case \[aq]r\[aq]: *policy = SCHED_RR; return 1; + case \[aq]o\[aq]: *policy = SCHED_OTHER; return 1; default: return 0; } } @@ -322,10 +322,10 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "a:Ai:m:")) != \-1) { switch (opt) { - case \(aqa\(aq: attr_sched_str = optarg; break; - case \(aqA\(aq: use_null_attrib = 1; break; - case \(aqi\(aq: inheritsched_str = optarg; break; - case \(aqm\(aq: main_sched_str = optarg; break; + case \[aq]a\[aq]: attr_sched_str = optarg; break; + case \[aq]A\[aq]: use_null_attrib = 1; break; + case \[aq]i\[aq]: inheritsched_str = optarg; break; + case \[aq]m\[aq]: main_sched_str = optarg; break; default: usage(argv[0], "Unrecognized option\en"); } } @@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) if (use_null_attrib && (inheritsched_str != NULL || attr_sched_str != NULL)) { - usage(argv[0], "Can\(aqt specify \-A with \-i or \-a\en"); + usage(argv[0], "Can\[aq]t specify \-A with \-i or \-a\en"); } /* Optionally set scheduling attributes of main thread, @@ -364,12 +364,12 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) } if (inheritsched_str != NULL) { - if (inheritsched_str[0] == \(aqe\(aq) + if (inheritsched_str[0] == \[aq]e\[aq]) inheritsched = PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED; - else if (inheritsched_str[0] == \(aqi\(aq) + else if (inheritsched_str[0] == \[aq]i\[aq]) inheritsched = PTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED; else - usage(argv[0], "Value for \-i must be \(aqe\(aq or \(aqi\(aq\en"); + usage(argv[0], "Value for \-i must be \[aq]e\[aq] or \[aq]i\[aq]\en"); s = pthread_attr_setinheritsched(&attr, inheritsched); if (s != 0) @@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) if (attr_sched_str != NULL) { if (!get_policy(attr_sched_str[0], &policy)) - usage(argv[0], "Bad policy for \(aqattr\(aq (\-a)\en"); + usage(argv[0], "Bad policy for \[aq]attr\[aq] (\-a)\en"); param.sched_priority = strtol(&attr_sched_str[1], NULL, 0); s = pthread_attr_setschedpolicy(&attr, policy); @@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_attr_getschedpolicy"); - printf("Scheduler settings in \(aqattr\(aq\en"); + printf("Scheduler settings in \[aq]attr\[aq]\en"); display_sched_attr(policy, ¶m); pthread_attr_getinheritsched(&attr, &inheritsched); diff --git a/man3/putenv.3 b/man3/putenv.3 index 697696c5f3..ed13b693b9 100644 --- a/man3/putenv.3 +++ b/man3/putenv.3 @@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ one in glibc 2.0 is not, but the glibc 2.1 version is. .\" .LP .\" Description for libc4, libc5, glibc: .\" If the argument \fIstring\fP is of the form \fIname\fP, -.\" and does not contain an \(aq=\(aq character, then the variable \fIname\fP +.\" and does not contain an \[aq]=\[aq] character, then the variable \fIname\fP .\" is removed from the environment. .\" If .\" .BR putenv () diff --git a/man3/puts.3 b/man3/puts.3 index 3cb92e4dcc..343bed8ae9 100644 --- a/man3/puts.3 +++ b/man3/puts.3 @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ writes the string .I s to .IR stream , -without its terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). +without its terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). .PP .BR puts () writes the string diff --git a/man3/readdir.3 b/man3/readdir.3 index 9b7e9c5433..54f1d39c9f 100644 --- a/man3/readdir.3 +++ b/man3/readdir.3 @@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ POSIX defines it as .IR "char\ d_name[]", a character array of unspecified size, with at most .B NAME_MAX -characters preceding the terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). +characters preceding the terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). .PP POSIX.1 explicitly notes that this field should not be used as an lvalue. The standard also notes that the use of diff --git a/man3/realpath.3 b/man3/realpath.3 index 56085fd89e..0cb9e54faf 100644 --- a/man3/realpath.3 +++ b/man3/realpath.3 @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see expands all symbolic links and resolves references to .IR "/./" ", " "/../" -and extra \(aq/\(aq +and extra \[aq]/\[aq] characters in the null-terminated string named by .I path to produce a canonicalized absolute pathname. diff --git a/man3/regex.3 b/man3/regex.3 index f6faf6240c..605889c46f 100644 --- a/man3/regex.3 +++ b/man3/regex.3 @@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ are nonzero, .I errbuf is filled in with the first .I "errbuf_size \- 1" -characters of the error message and a terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). +characters of the error message and a terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). .SS POSIX pattern buffer freeing Supplying .BR regfree () @@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ Invalid use of back reference operator. Invalid use of pattern operators such as group or list. .TP .B REG_BADRPT -Invalid use of repetition operators such as using \(aq*\(aq +Invalid use of repetition operators such as using \[aq]*\[aq] as the first character. .TP .B REG_EBRACE diff --git a/man3/rpc.3 b/man3/rpc.3 index f54d5a462b..dd33f26065 100644 --- a/man3/rpc.3 +++ b/man3/rpc.3 @@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ will be ignored in all future calls. .in +4n .EX \fBCLGET_SERVER_ADDR\fP \fIstruct sockaddr_in\fP - // get server\(aqs address + // get server\[aq]s address .EE .in .IP diff --git a/man3/setenv.3 b/man3/setenv.3 index c949b58a01..d2619fd3b7 100644 --- a/man3/setenv.3 +++ b/man3/setenv.3 @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ set to indicate the error. .B EINVAL .I name is NULL, points to a string of length 0, -or contains an \(aq=\(aq character. +or contains an \[aq]=\[aq] character. .TP .B ENOMEM Insufficient memory to add a new variable to the environment. @@ -138,11 +138,11 @@ POSIX.1-compliant prototype shown in the SYNOPSIS. .SH BUGS POSIX.1 specifies that if .I name -contains an \(aq=\(aq character, then +contains an \[aq]=\[aq] character, then .BR setenv () should fail with the error .BR EINVAL ; -however, versions of glibc before glibc 2.3.4 allowed an \(aq=\(aq sign in +however, versions of glibc before glibc 2.3.4 allowed an \[aq]=\[aq] sign in .IR name . .SH SEE ALSO .BR clearenv (3), diff --git a/man3/shm_open.3 b/man3/shm_open.3 index 16f9b54f96..e25e103a3a 100644 --- a/man3/shm_open.3 +++ b/man3/shm_open.3 @@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ on the memory object that is shared between the two programs. struct shmbuf { sem_t sem1; /* POSIX unnamed semaphore */ sem_t sem2; /* POSIX unnamed semaphore */ - size_t cnt; /* Number of bytes used in \(aqbuf\(aq */ + size_t cnt; /* Number of bytes used in \[aq]buf\[aq] */ char buf[BUF_SIZE]; /* Data being transferred */ }; .EE @@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) if (ftruncate(fd, sizeof(struct shmbuf)) == \-1) errExit("ftruncate"); - /* Map the object into the caller\(aqs address space. */ + /* Map the object into the caller\[aq]s address space. */ shmp = mmap(NULL, sizeof(*shmp), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0); @@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) if (sem_init(&shmp\->sem2, 1, 0) == \-1) errExit("sem_init\-sem2"); - /* Wait for \(aqsem1\(aq to be posted by peer before touching + /* Wait for \[aq]sem1\[aq] to be posted by peer before touching shared memory. */ if (sem_wait(&shmp\->sem1) == \-1) @@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) for (size_t j = 0; j < shmp\->cnt; j++) shmp\->buf[j] = toupper((unsigned char) shmp\->buf[j]); - /* Post \(aqsem2\(aq to tell the peer that it can now + /* Post \[aq]sem2\[aq] to tell the peer that it can now access the modified data in shared memory. */ if (sem_post(&shmp\->sem2) == \-1) @@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) } /* Open the existing shared memory object and map it - into the caller\(aqs address space. */ + into the caller\[aq]s address space. */ fd = shm_open(shmpath, O_RDWR, 0); if (fd == \-1) diff --git a/man3/sscanf.3 b/man3/sscanf.3 index 870c6f54b1..470010d85a 100644 --- a/man3/sscanf.3 +++ b/man3/sscanf.3 @@ -112,12 +112,12 @@ This directive matches any amount of white space, including none, in the input. .TP \(bu -An ordinary character (i.e., one other than white space or \(aq%\(aq). +An ordinary character (i.e., one other than white space or \[aq]%\[aq]). This character must exactly match the next character of input. .TP \(bu A conversion specification, -which commences with a \(aq%\(aq (percent) character. +which commences with a \[aq]%\[aq] (percent) character. A sequence of characters from the input is converted according to this specification, and the result is placed in the corresponding .I pointer @@ -130,12 +130,12 @@ Each .I conversion specification in .I format -begins with either the character \(aq%\(aq or the character sequence +begins with either the character \[aq]%\[aq] or the character sequence "\fB%\fP\fIn\fP\fB$\fP" (see below for the distinction) followed by: .TP \(bu -An optional \(aq*\(aq assignment-suppression character: +An optional \[aq]*\[aq] assignment-suppression character: .BR sscanf () reads input as directed by the conversion specification, but discards the input. @@ -146,18 +146,18 @@ included in the count of successful assignments returned by .BR scanf (). .TP \(bu -For decimal conversions, an optional quote character (\(aq). +For decimal conversions, an optional quote character (\[aq]). This specifies that the input number may include thousands' separators as defined by the .B LC_NUMERIC category of the current locale. (See .BR setlocale (3).) -The quote character may precede or follow the \(aq*\(aq +The quote character may precede or follow the \[aq]*\[aq] assignment-suppression character. .TP \(bu -An optional \(aqm\(aq character. +An optional \[aq]m\[aq] character. This is used with string conversions .RI ( %s , .IR %c , @@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ when a nonmatching character is found, whichever happens first. Most conversions discard initial white space characters (the exceptions are noted below), and these discarded characters don't count toward the maximum field width. -String input conversions store a terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq) +String input conversions store a terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) to mark the end of the input; the maximum field width does not include this terminator. .TP @@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ that specifies the type of input conversion to be performed. .PP The conversion specifications in .I format -are of two forms, either beginning with \(aq%\(aq or beginning with +are of two forms, either beginning with \[aq]%\[aq] or beginning with "\fB%\fP\fIn\fP\fB$\fP". The two forms should not be mixed in the same .I format @@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ and .BR %* . If .I format -contains \(aq%\(aq +contains \[aq]%\[aq] specifications, then these correspond in order with successive .I pointer arguments. @@ -350,11 +350,11 @@ The following are available: .TP .B % -Matches a literal \(aq%\(aq. +Matches a literal \[aq]%\[aq]. That is, .B %\&% in the format string matches a -single input \(aq%\(aq character. +single input \[aq]%\[aq] character. No conversion is done (but initial white space characters are discarded), and assignment does not occur. .TP @@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ Equivalent to Matches a sequence of non-white-space characters; the next pointer must be a pointer to the initial element of a character array that is long enough to hold the input sequence and -the terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq), which is added automatically. +the terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]), which is added automatically. The input string stops at white space or at the maximum field width, whichever occurs first. .TP diff --git a/man3/stdarg.3 b/man3/stdarg.3 index 48a8914360..468a0904a3 100644 --- a/man3/stdarg.3 +++ b/man3/stdarg.3 @@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ with each format character based on the type. #include <stdarg.h> void -foo(char *fmt, ...) /* \(aq...\(aq is C syntax for a variadic function */ +foo(char *fmt, ...) /* \[aq]...\[aq] is C syntax for a variadic function */ { va_list ap; @@ -263,15 +263,15 @@ foo(char *fmt, ...) /* \(aq...\(aq is C syntax for a variadic function */ va_start(ap, fmt); while (*fmt) switch (*fmt++) { - case \(aqs\(aq: /* string */ + case \[aq]s\[aq]: /* string */ s = va_arg(ap, char *); printf("string %s\en", s); break; - case \(aqd\(aq: /* int */ + case \[aq]d\[aq]: /* int */ d = va_arg(ap, int); printf("int %d\en", d); break; - case \(aqc\(aq: /* char */ + case \[aq]c\[aq]: /* char */ /* need a cast here since va_arg only takes fully promoted types */ c = (char) va_arg(ap, int); diff --git a/man3/strchr.3 b/man3/strchr.3 index bbdf33a774..3eac670088 100644 --- a/man3/strchr.3 +++ b/man3/strchr.3 @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ the matched character or NULL if the character is not found. The terminating null byte is considered part of the string, so that if .I c -is specified as \(aq\e0\(aq, +is specified as \[aq]\e0\[aq], these functions return a pointer to the terminator. .PP The diff --git a/man3/strcmp.3 b/man3/strcmp.3 index c94da49905..5a48a745f9 100644 --- a/man3/strcmp.3 +++ b/man3/strcmp.3 @@ -127,13 +127,13 @@ First, some examples using .EX $ \fB./string_comp ABC ABC\fP <str1> and <str2> are equal -$ \fB./string_comp ABC AB\fP # \(aqC\(aq is ASCII 67; \(aqC\(aq \- \(aq\e0\(aq = 67 +$ \fB./string_comp ABC AB\fP # \[aq]C\[aq] is ASCII 67; \[aq]C\[aq] \- \[aq]\e0\[aq] = 67 <str1> is greater than <str2> (67) -$ \fB./string_comp ABA ABZ\fP # \(aqA\(aq is ASCII 65; \(aqZ\(aq is ASCII 90 +$ \fB./string_comp ABA ABZ\fP # \[aq]A\[aq] is ASCII 65; \[aq]Z\[aq] is ASCII 90 <str1> is less than <str2> (\-25) $ \fB./string_comp ABJ ABC\fP <str1> is greater than <str2> (7) -$ .\fB/string_comp $\(aq\e201\(aq A\fP # 0201 \- 0101 = 0100 (or 64 decimal) +$ .\fB/string_comp $\[aq]\e201\[aq] A\fP # 0201 \- 0101 = 0100 (or 64 decimal) <str1> is greater than <str2> (64) .EE .in diff --git a/man3/strcpy.3 b/man3/strcpy.3 index c0d8006514..7d04f59f53 100644 --- a/man3/strcpy.3 +++ b/man3/strcpy.3 @@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ stpcpy(char *restrict dst, const char *restrict src) char *p; p = mempcpy(dst, src, strlen(src)); - *p = \(aq\e0\(aq; + *p = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; return p; } diff --git a/man3/strdup.3 b/man3/strdup.3 index 96e59814e9..0e928b909c 100644 --- a/man3/strdup.3 +++ b/man3/strdup.3 @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ is longer than .IR n , only .I n -bytes are copied, and a terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq) is added. +bytes are copied, and a terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) is added. .PP .BR strdupa () and diff --git a/man3/strerror.3 b/man3/strerror.3 index 9a3d7e8580..96bd8df114 100644 --- a/man3/strerror.3 +++ b/man3/strerror.3 @@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ bytes are stored (the string may be truncated if is too small and .I errnum is unknown). -The string always includes a terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). +The string always includes a terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). .\" .SS strerror_l() .BR strerror_l () diff --git a/man3/strfmon.3 b/man3/strfmon.3 index d0f5402828..82189808fc 100644 --- a/man3/strfmon.3 +++ b/man3/strfmon.3 @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Ordinary characters in are copied to .I s without conversion. -Conversion specifiers are introduced by a \(aq%\(aq +Conversion specifiers are introduced by a \[aq]%\[aq] character. Immediately following it there can be zero or more of the following flags: @@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ The three conversion characters are .TP .B % (In this case, the entire specification must be exactly "%%".) -Put a \(aq%\(aq character in the result string. +Put a \[aq]%\[aq] character in the result string. .TP .B i One argument of type @@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ locales yield .in +4n .EX [ **1234,57 €] [ **1.234,57 EUR] -[ Fr. **1234.57] [ CHF **1\(aq234.57] +[ Fr. **1234.57] [ CHF **1\[aq]234.57] [ $**1234.57] [ AUD**1,234.57] [ £**1234.57] [ GBP**1,234.57] .EE diff --git a/man3/strfromd.3 b/man3/strfromd.3 index 8d5c230064..defd462e9c 100644 --- a/man3/strfromd.3 +++ b/man3/strfromd.3 @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ string. .SS Format of the format string The .I format -string must start with the character \(aq%\(aq. +string must start with the character \[aq]%\[aq]. This is followed by an optional precision which starts with the period character (.), followed by an optional decimal integer. If no integer is specified after the period character, diff --git a/man3/strftime.3 b/man3/strftime.3 index c8a0d202c3..9b02af008a 100644 --- a/man3/strftime.3 +++ b/man3/strftime.3 @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ See also The format specification is a null-terminated string and may contain special character sequences called .IR "conversion specifications", -each of which is introduced by a \(aq%\(aq character and terminated by +each of which is introduced by a \[aq]%\[aq] character and terminated by some other character known as a .IR "conversion specifier character". All other character sequences are @@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ format. (TZ) (Not supported in glibc2.) .TP .B %% -A literal \(aq%\(aq character. +A literal \[aq]%\[aq] character. .PP Some conversion specifications can be modified by preceding the conversion specifier character by the @@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ glibc provides some extensions for conversion specifications. (These extensions are not specified in POSIX.1-2001, but a few other systems provide similar features.) .\" HP-UX and Tru64 also have features like this. -Between the \(aq%\(aq character and the conversion specifier character, +Between the \[aq]%\[aq] character and the conversion specifier character, an optional .I flag and field @@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ Some buggy versions of .BR gcc (1) complain about the use of .BR %c : -.IR "warning: \`%c\(aq yields only last 2 digits of year in some locales" . +.IR "warning: \`%c\[aq] yields only last 2 digits of year in some locales" . Of course programmers are encouraged to use .BR %c , as it gives the preferred date and time representation. @@ -724,11 +724,11 @@ are as follows: .PP .in +4n .EX -.RB "$" " ./a.out \(aq%m\(aq" +.RB "$" " ./a.out \[aq]%m\[aq]" Result string is "11" -.RB "$" " ./a.out \(aq%5m\(aq" +.RB "$" " ./a.out \[aq]%5m\[aq]" Result string is "00011" -.RB "$" " ./a.out \(aq%_5m\(aq" +.RB "$" " ./a.out \[aq]%_5m\[aq]" Result string is " 11" .EE .in diff --git a/man3/strlen.3 b/man3/strlen.3 index b9e9aec002..f994a2e90c 100644 --- a/man3/strlen.3 +++ b/man3/strlen.3 @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ The .BR strlen () function calculates the length of the string pointed to by .IR s , -excluding the terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). +excluding the terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). .SH RETURN VALUE The .BR strlen () diff --git a/man3/strncat.3 b/man3/strncat.3 index d74d8ecfa0..cbf930ec32 100644 --- a/man3/strncat.3 +++ b/man3/strncat.3 @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ strncat(char *restrict dst, const char *restrict src, size_t sz) len = strnlen(src, sz); p = dst + strlen(dst); p = mempcpy(p, src, len); - *p = \(aq\e0\(aq; + *p = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; return dst; } @@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ main(void) if (dest == NULL) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "malloc()"); - dest[0] = \(aq\e0\(aq; // There's no 'cpy' function to this 'cat'. + dest[0] = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; // There's no 'cpy' function to this 'cat'. strncat(dest, pre, nitems(pre)); strncat(dest, src, strlen(src) \- strlen(post)); strncat(dest, new_post, nitems(new_post)); diff --git a/man3/strnlen.3 b/man3/strnlen.3 index 08dcec634b..528754d8ee 100644 --- a/man3/strnlen.3 +++ b/man3/strnlen.3 @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ The function returns the number of bytes in the string pointed to by .IR s , -excluding the terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq), +excluding the terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]), but at most .IR maxlen . In doing this, @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ if that is less than .IR maxlen , or .I maxlen -if there is no null terminating (\(aq\e0\(aq) among the first +if there is no null terminating (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) among the first .I maxlen characters pointed to by .IR s . diff --git a/man3/strptime.3 b/man3/strptime.3 index 6dac013c35..9c3458118b 100644 --- a/man3/strptime.3 +++ b/man3/strptime.3 @@ -305,11 +305,11 @@ field if any of the year, month, or day elements changed. .\" are defined. .\" .PP .\" Before libc 5.4.13 whitespace -.\" (and the \(aqn\(aq and \(aqt\(aq specifications) was not handled, -.\" no \(aqE\(aq and \(aqO\(aq locale modifier characters were accepted, -.\" and the \(aqC\(aq specification was a synonym for the \(aqc\(aq specification. +.\" (and the \[aq]n\[aq] and \[aq]t\[aq] specifications) was not handled, +.\" no \[aq]E\[aq] and \[aq]O\[aq] locale modifier characters were accepted, +.\" and the \[aq]C\[aq] specification was a synonym for the \[aq]c\[aq] specification. .PP -The \(aqy\(aq (year in century) specification is taken to specify a year +The \[aq]y\[aq] (year in century) specification is taken to specify a year .\" in the 20th century by libc4 and libc5. .\" It is taken to be a year in the range 1950\(en2049 by glibc 2.0. diff --git a/man3/strsep.3 b/man3/strsep.3 index 2fdbdba3ff..0a3bc635db 100644 --- a/man3/strsep.3 +++ b/man3/strsep.3 @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ in the string that is delimited by one of the bytes in the string .IR delim . This token is terminated by overwriting the delimiter -with a null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq), +with a null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]), and .I *stringp is updated to point past the token. @@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ which, however, doesn't discard multiple delimiters or empty tokens: .PP .in +4n .EX -.RB "$" " ./a.out \(aqa/bbb///cc;xxx:yyy:\(aq \(aq:;\(aq \(aq/\(aq" +.RB "$" " ./a.out \[aq]a/bbb///cc;xxx:yyy:\[aq] \[aq]:;\[aq] \[aq]/\[aq]" 1: a/bbb///cc \-\-> a \-\-> bbb diff --git a/man3/strstr.3 b/man3/strstr.3 index 5e7122390b..25bbf9b27b 100644 --- a/man3/strstr.3 +++ b/man3/strstr.3 @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ function finds the first occurrence of the substring .I needle in the string .IR haystack . -The terminating null bytes (\(aq\e0\(aq) are not compared. +The terminating null bytes (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) are not compared. .PP The .BR strcasestr () diff --git a/man3/strtod.3 b/man3/strtod.3 index 7b5c986772..2064b395cd 100644 --- a/man3/strtod.3 +++ b/man3/strtod.3 @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ representation, respectively. The expected form of the (initial portion of the) string is optional leading white space as recognized by .BR isspace (3), -an optional plus (\(aq+\(aq) or minus sign (\(aq\-\(aq) and then either +an optional plus (\[aq]+\[aq]) or minus sign (\[aq]\-\[aq]) and then either (i) a decimal number, or (ii) a hexadecimal number, or (iii) an infinity, or (iv) a NAN (not-a-number). .PP @@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ A .I "decimal number" consists of a nonempty sequence of decimal digits possibly containing a radix character (decimal point, locale-dependent, -usually \(aq.\(aq), optionally followed by a decimal exponent. -A decimal exponent consists of an \(aqE\(aq or \(aqe\(aq, followed by an +usually \[aq].\[aq]), optionally followed by a decimal exponent. +A decimal exponent consists of an \[aq]E\[aq] or \[aq]e\[aq], followed by an optional plus or minus sign, followed by a nonempty sequence of decimal digits, and indicates multiplication by a power of 10. .PP @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ consists of a "0x" or "0X" followed by a nonempty sequence of hexadecimal digits possibly containing a radix character, optionally followed by a binary exponent. A binary exponent -consists of a \(aqP\(aq or \(aqp\(aq, followed by an optional +consists of a \[aq]P\[aq] or \[aq]p\[aq], followed by an optional plus or minus sign, followed by a nonempty sequence of decimal digits, and indicates multiplication by a power of 2. At least one of radix character and binary exponent must be present. diff --git a/man3/strtok.3 b/man3/strtok.3 index 4e739b43a2..4b184f8065 100644 --- a/man3/strtok.3 +++ b/man3/strtok.3 @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ to return NULL on the first call.) .PP The end of each token is found by scanning forward until either the next delimiter byte is found or until the -terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq) is encountered. +terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) is encountered. If a delimiter byte is found, it is overwritten with a null byte to terminate the current token, and .BR strtok () @@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ An example of the output produced by this program is the following: .PP .in +4n .EX -.RB "$" " ./a.out \(aqa/bbb///cc;xxx:yyy:\(aq \(aq:;\(aq \(aq/\(aq" +.RB "$" " ./a.out \[aq]a/bbb///cc;xxx:yyy:\[aq] \[aq]:;\[aq] \[aq]/\[aq]" 1: a/bbb///cc \-\-> a \-\-> bbb diff --git a/man3/strtol.3 b/man3/strtol.3 index ab42fdc052..da6c98441f 100644 --- a/man3/strtol.3 +++ b/man3/strtol.3 @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ which must be between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0. The string may begin with an arbitrary amount of white space (as determined by .BR isspace (3)) -followed by a single optional \(aq+\(aq or \(aq\-\(aq sign. +followed by a single optional \[aq]+\[aq] or \[aq]\-\[aq] sign. If .I base is zero or 16, the string may then include a @@ -57,16 +57,16 @@ is zero or 16, the string may then include a zero .I base is taken as 10 (decimal) unless the next character -is \(aq0\(aq, in which case it is taken as 8 (octal). +is \[aq]0\[aq], in which case it is taken as 8 (octal). .PP The remainder of the string is converted to a .I long value in the obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is not a valid digit in the given base. -(In bases above 10, the letter \(aqA\(aq in -either uppercase or lowercase represents 10, \(aqB\(aq represents 11, and so -forth, with \(aqZ\(aq representing 35.) +(In bases above 10, the letter \[aq]A\[aq] in +either uppercase or lowercase represents 10, \[aq]B\[aq] represents 11, and so +forth, with \[aq]Z\[aq] representing 35.) .PP If .I endptr @@ -85,9 +85,9 @@ in (and returns 0). In particular, if .I *nptr -is not \(aq\e0\(aq but +is not \[aq]\e0\[aq] but .I **endptr -is \(aq\e0\(aq on return, the entire string is valid. +is \[aq]\e0\[aq] on return, the entire string is valid. .PP The .BR strtoll () @@ -222,14 +222,14 @@ Some examples of the results produced by this program are the following: .EX .RB "$" " ./a.out 123" strtol() returned 123 -.RB "$" " ./a.out \(aq 123\(aq" +.RB "$" " ./a.out \[aq] 123\[aq]" strtol() returned 123 .RB "$" " ./a.out 123abc" strtol() returned 123 Further characters after number: "abc" .RB "$" " ./a.out 123abc 55" strtol: Invalid argument -.RB "$" " ./a.out \(aq\(aq" +.RB "$" " ./a.out \[aq]\[aq]" No digits were found .RB "$" " ./a.out 4000000000" strtol: Numerical result out of range @@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) printf("strtol() returned %ld\en", val); - if (*endptr != \(aq\e0\(aq) /* Not necessarily an error... */ + if (*endptr != \[aq]\e0\[aq]) /* Not necessarily an error... */ printf("Further characters after number: \e"%s\e"\en", endptr); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); diff --git a/man3/strtoul.3 b/man3/strtoul.3 index 8bf089a192..784094ad68 100644 --- a/man3/strtoul.3 +++ b/man3/strtoul.3 @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ the special value 0. The string may begin with an arbitrary amount of white space (as determined by .BR isspace (3)) -followed by a single optional \(aq+\(aq or \(aq\-\(aq +followed by a single optional \[aq]+\[aq] or \[aq]\-\[aq] sign. If .I base @@ -63,16 +63,16 @@ is zero or 16, the string may then include a zero .I base is taken as 10 (decimal) unless the next character -is \(aq0\(aq, in which case it is taken as 8 (octal). +is \[aq]0\[aq], in which case it is taken as 8 (octal). .PP The remainder of the string is converted to an .I "unsigned long" value in the obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is not a valid digit in the given base. -(In bases above 10, the letter \(aqA\(aq in -either uppercase or lowercase represents 10, \(aqB\(aq represents 11, and so -forth, with \(aqZ\(aq representing 35.) +(In bases above 10, the letter \[aq]A\[aq] in +either uppercase or lowercase represents 10, \[aq]B\[aq] represents 11, and so +forth, with \[aq]Z\[aq] representing 35.) .PP If .I endptr @@ -91,9 +91,9 @@ in (and returns 0). In particular, if .I *nptr -is not \(aq\e0\(aq but +is not \[aq]\e0\[aq] but .I **endptr -is \(aq\e0\(aq on return, the entire string is valid. +is \[aq]\e0\[aq] on return, the entire string is valid. .PP The .BR strtoull () diff --git a/man3/strxfrm.3 b/man3/strxfrm.3 index 804ffbba9d..1596273f0e 100644 --- a/man3/strxfrm.3 +++ b/man3/strxfrm.3 @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ function returns the number of bytes required to store the transformed string in .I dest excluding the -terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). +terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). If the value returned is .I n or more, the diff --git a/man3/termios.3 b/man3/termios.3 index 5825f72849..6e360665db 100644 --- a/man3/termios.3 +++ b/man3/termios.3 @@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ queues to be flushed, and if the terminal is the controlling terminal of a foreground process group, it will cause a \fBSIGINT\fP to be sent to this foreground process group. When neither \fBIGNBRK\fP nor \fBBRKINT\fP are set, a BREAK -reads as a null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq), except when \fBPARMRK\fP is set, +reads as a null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]), except when \fBPARMRK\fP is set, in which case it reads as the sequence \e377 \e0 \e0. .TP .B IGNPAR @@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ Send fill characters for a delay, rather than using a timed delay. .TP .B OFDEL Fill character is ASCII DEL (0177). -If unset, fill character is ASCII NUL (\(aq\e0\(aq). +If unset, fill character is ASCII NUL (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). (Not implemented on Linux.) .TP .B NLDLY diff --git a/man3/ttyslot.3 b/man3/ttyslot.3 index 939b3132d5..358b9d4fa9 100644 --- a/man3/ttyslot.3 +++ b/man3/ttyslot.3 @@ -47,22 +47,22 @@ in UNIX\ V6, that was read by the .BR init (1) program to find out what to do with each terminal line. Each line consisted of three characters. -The first character was either \(aq0\(aq or \(aq1\(aq, -where \(aq0\(aq meant "ignore". -The second character denoted the terminal: \(aq8\(aq stood for "/dev/tty8". +The first character was either \[aq]0\[aq] or \[aq]1\[aq], +where \[aq]0\[aq] meant "ignore". +The second character denoted the terminal: \[aq]8\[aq] stood for "/dev/tty8". The third character was an argument to .BR getty (8) -indicating the sequence of line speeds to try (\(aq\-\(aq was: start trying +indicating the sequence of line speeds to try (\[aq]\-\[aq] was: start trying 110 baud). Thus a typical line was "18\-". -A hang on some line was solved by changing the \(aq1\(aq to a \(aq0\(aq, +A hang on some line was solved by changing the \[aq]1\[aq] to a \[aq]0\[aq], signaling init, changing back again, and signaling init again. .PP In UNIX\ V7 the format was changed: here the second character was the argument to .BR getty (8) -indicating the sequence of line speeds to try (\(aq0\(aq was: cycle through -300-1200-150-110 baud; \(aq4\(aq was for the on-line console DECwriter) +indicating the sequence of line speeds to try (\[aq]0\[aq] was: cycle through +300-1200-150-110 baud; \[aq]4\[aq] was for the on-line console DECwriter) while the rest of the line contained the name of the tty. Thus a typical line was "14console". .PP diff --git a/man3/tzset.3 b/man3/tzset.3 index a1af4aebd1..1b44c5a71a 100644 --- a/man3/tzset.3 +++ b/man3/tzset.3 @@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ be interpreted, then Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is used. If \fIfilespec\fP is given, it specifies another .BR tzfile (5)-format file to read the timezone information from. -If \fIfilespec\fP does not begin with a \(aq/\(aq, the file specification is +If \fIfilespec\fP does not begin with a \[aq]/\[aq], the file specification is relative to the system timezone directory. If the colon is omitted each of the above \fBTZ\fP formats will be tried. diff --git a/man3/wcpcpy.3 b/man3/wcpcpy.3 index ec4af1042e..36f02bbcd3 100644 --- a/man3/wcpcpy.3 +++ b/man3/wcpcpy.3 @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ function is the wide-character equivalent of the function. It copies the wide-character string pointed to by .IR src , -including the terminating null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq), +including the terminating null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]), to the array pointed to by .IR dest . .PP diff --git a/man3/wcpncpy.3 b/man3/wcpncpy.3 index 4f661d19f3..96c7b95af7 100644 --- a/man3/wcpncpy.3 +++ b/man3/wcpncpy.3 @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ It copies at most wide characters from the wide-character string pointed to by .IR src , -including the terminating null wide (L\(aq\e0\(aq), +including the terminating null wide (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]), to the array pointed to by .IR dest . Exactly @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ is smaller than the remaining wide characters in the array pointed to by .I dest -are filled with L\(aq\e0\(aq characters. +are filled with L\[aq]\e0\[aq] characters. If the length .I wcslen(src) is greater than or equal @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ to the string pointed to by .I dest will -not be L\(aq\e0\(aq terminated. +not be L\[aq]\e0\[aq] terminated. .PP The strings may not overlap. .PP diff --git a/man3/wcrtomb.3 b/man3/wcrtomb.3 index b0965fa1b0..01e870737f 100644 --- a/man3/wcrtomb.3 +++ b/man3/wcrtomb.3 @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ The main case for this function is when is not NULL and .I wc -is not a null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq). +is not a null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]). In this case, the .BR wcrtomb () function @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ A different case is when is not NULL, but .I wc -is a null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq). +is a null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]). In this case, the .BR wcrtomb () function stores at @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ the shift sequence needed to bring .I *ps back to the initial state, -followed by a \(aq\e0\(aq byte. +followed by a \[aq]\e0\[aq] byte. It updates the shift state .I *ps (i.e., brings @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ and the function effectively returns .PP .in +4n .EX -wcrtomb(buf, L\(aq\e0\(aq, ps) +wcrtomb(buf, L\[aq]\e0\[aq], ps) .EE .in .PP diff --git a/man3/wcscat.3 b/man3/wcscat.3 index e6a7dca115..170c391f2d 100644 --- a/man3/wcscat.3 +++ b/man3/wcscat.3 @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ of the function. It copies the wide-character string pointed to by .IR src , -including the terminating null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq), +including the terminating null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]), to the end of the wide-character string pointed to by .IR dest . .PP diff --git a/man3/wcscpy.3 b/man3/wcscpy.3 index 32c5a8d3d0..fdaf5550f2 100644 --- a/man3/wcscpy.3 +++ b/man3/wcscpy.3 @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ of the function. It copies the wide-character string pointed to by .IR src , -including the terminating null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq), +including the terminating null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]), to the array pointed to by .IR dest . .PP diff --git a/man3/wcslen.3 b/man3/wcslen.3 index 78961d62c5..0d0d22aa92 100644 --- a/man3/wcslen.3 +++ b/man3/wcslen.3 @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ function. It determines the length of the wide-character string pointed to by .IR s , -excluding the terminating null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq). +excluding the terminating null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]). .SH RETURN VALUE The .BR wcslen () diff --git a/man3/wcsncat.3 b/man3/wcsncat.3 index 7f60eea514..0b2ccd274c 100644 --- a/man3/wcsncat.3 +++ b/man3/wcsncat.3 @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ string pointed to by to the end of the wide-character string pointed to by .IR dest , -and adds a terminating null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq). +and adds a terminating null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]). .PP The strings may not overlap. .PP diff --git a/man3/wcsncmp.3 b/man3/wcsncmp.3 index f44c2a47e6..670a8ef683 100644 --- a/man3/wcsncmp.3 +++ b/man3/wcsncmp.3 @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ but at most wide characters from each string. In each string, the comparison extends only up -to the first occurrence of a null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq), if any. +to the first occurrence of a null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]), if any. .SH RETURN VALUE The .BR wcsncmp () diff --git a/man3/wcsncpy.3 b/man3/wcsncpy.3 index 5f4425d2cf..882650e3d8 100644 --- a/man3/wcsncpy.3 +++ b/man3/wcsncpy.3 @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ It copies at most wide characters from the wide-character string pointed to by .IR src , -including the terminating null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq), +including the terminating null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]), to the array pointed to by .IR dest . Exactly diff --git a/man3/wcsnlen.3 b/man3/wcsnlen.3 index e544355ae0..ec1092b5d5 100644 --- a/man3/wcsnlen.3 +++ b/man3/wcsnlen.3 @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ of the function. It returns the number of wide-characters in the string pointed to by .IR s , -not including the terminating null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq), +not including the terminating null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]), but at most .I maxlen wide characters (note: this parameter is not a byte count). diff --git a/man3/wcsnrtombs.3 b/man3/wcsnrtombs.3 index 0a0552e159..3752f8a926 100644 --- a/man3/wcsnrtombs.3 +++ b/man3/wcsnrtombs.3 @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ is set to .IP \(bu .I nwc wide characters have been -converted without encountering a null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq), +converted without encountering a null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]), or the length limit forces a stop. In this case, .I *src @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ In this case, is set to NULL, and the number of bytes written to .IR dest , -excluding the terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq), is +excluding the terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]), is returned. .PP If diff --git a/man3/wcsrtombs.3 b/man3/wcsrtombs.3 index dfa2bf8361..0bc8b753cd 100644 --- a/man3/wcsrtombs.3 +++ b/man3/wcsrtombs.3 @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ and the number of bytes written to is returned. .IP \(bu The wide-character string has been completely converted, including the -terminating null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq), +terminating null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]), which has the side effect of bringing back .I *ps to the initial state. @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ In this case, is set to NULL, and the number of bytes written to .IR dest , -excluding the terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq), +excluding the terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]), is returned. .PP If diff --git a/man3/wcsstr.3 b/man3/wcsstr.3 index a34fe35803..454a69a381 100644 --- a/man3/wcsstr.3 +++ b/man3/wcsstr.3 @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ function is the wide-character equivalent of the function. It searches for the first occurrence of the wide-character string .I needle -(without its terminating null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq)) +(without its terminating null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq])) as a substring in the wide-character string .IR haystack . .SH RETURN VALUE diff --git a/man3/wcstok.3 b/man3/wcstok.3 index d1cbb5ed30..4a58f5957a 100644 --- a/man3/wcstok.3 +++ b/man3/wcstok.3 @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ and returns a pointer to it, but before doing that, it zero-terminates the token by replacing the next wide-character which occurs in .I delim with -a null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq), +a null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]), and it updates .I *ptr so that subsequent calls will diff --git a/man3/wcstombs.3 b/man3/wcstombs.3 index 15746ff64a..1428623743 100644 --- a/man3/wcstombs.3 +++ b/man3/wcstombs.3 @@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ In this case, the number of bytes written to is returned, but the shift state at this point is lost. .IP \(bu The wide-character string has been completely converted, including the -terminating null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq). +terminating null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]). In this case, the conversion ends in the initial shift state. The number of bytes written to .IR dest , -excluding the terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq), is returned. +excluding the terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]), is returned. .PP The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least .I n diff --git a/man3/wcwidth.3 b/man3/wcwidth.3 index a227f04aec..31452654fc 100644 --- a/man3/wcwidth.3 +++ b/man3/wcwidth.3 @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ is a printable wide character, the value is at least 0. If .I c -is null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq), the value is 0. +is null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]), the value is 0. Otherwise, \-1 is returned. .SH RETURN VALUE The diff --git a/man3/wprintf.3 b/man3/wprintf.3 index e7c53bd817..99f8ad5e15 100644 --- a/man3/wprintf.3 +++ b/man3/wprintf.3 @@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ wide characters (each by a call to the function with a conversion state starting in the initial state before the first byte). The resulting wide characters are written up to -(but not including) the terminating null wide character (L\(aq\e0\(aq). +(but not including) the terminating null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]). If a precision is specified, no more wide characters than the number specified are written. Note that the precision determines the number of @@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ written, not the number of .I bytes or .IR "screen positions" . -The array must contain a terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq), +The array must contain a terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]), unless a precision is given and it is so small that the number of converted wide characters reaches it before the end of the array is reached. diff --git a/man3const/NULL.3const b/man3const/NULL.3const index 1b60b2b4c9..3b10bd5edf 100644 --- a/man3const/NULL.3const +++ b/man3const/NULL.3const @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ which is an .BR ascii (7) character, represented in C as -.BR \(aq\e0\(aq . +.BR \[aq]\e0\[aq] . .SH BUGS When it is necessary to set a pointer variable to a null pointer, it is not enough to use diff --git a/man4/console_codes.4 b/man4/console_codes.4 index 664cd17549..1425ff2662 100644 --- a/man4/console_codes.4 +++ b/man4/console_codes.4 @@ -438,8 +438,8 @@ where \fIx,y\fP is the cursor location. .\" These are not described in ECMA-48. We list the Set Mode sequences; -the Reset Mode sequences are obtained by replacing the final \(aqh\(aq -by \(aql\(aq. +the Reset Mode sequences are obtained by replacing the final \[aq]h\[aq] +by \[aq]l\[aq]. .TP ESC [ ? 1 h DECCKM (default off): When set, the cursor keys send an ESC O prefix, @@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ daemon. The mouse tracking escape sequences generated by \fBxterm\fP(1) encode numeric parameters in a single character as \fIvalue\fP+040. -For example, \(aq!\(aq is 1. +For example, \[aq]!\[aq] is 1. The screen coordinate system is 1-based. .PP The X10 compatibility mode sends an escape sequence on button press diff --git a/man4/dsp56k.4 b/man4/dsp56k.4 index c6aa99dcfb..23694dd19e 100644 --- a/man4/dsp56k.4 +++ b/man4/dsp56k.4 @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Allowed values are in the range 1 to 4, and is the number of bytes that will be received at a time from the DSP56001. These data quantities will either truncated, or padded with -a null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq) to fit the native 24-bit data format of the DSP56001. +a null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) to fit the native 24-bit data format of the DSP56001. .TP .B DSP56K_HOST_FLAGS read and write the host flags. diff --git a/man4/mouse.4 b/man4/mouse.4 index d0f17d15e9..309f6ad426 100644 --- a/man4/mouse.4 +++ b/man4/mouse.4 @@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ This is the specification, in fact 9 V suffices with most mice. .PP The mouse driver can recognize a mouse by dropping RTS to low and raising it again. -About 14 ms later the mouse will send 0x4D (\(aqM\(aq) on the data line. +About 14 ms later the mouse will send 0x4D (\[aq]M\[aq]) on the data line. After a further 63 ms, a Microsoft-compatible 3-button mouse will send -0x33 (\(aq3\(aq). +0x33 (\[aq]3\[aq]). .PP The relative mouse movement is sent as .I dx diff --git a/man4/null.4 b/man4/null.4 index d8cb4feb0a..4097559978 100644 --- a/man4/null.4 +++ b/man4/null.4 @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ always return end of file (i.e., .BR read (2) returns 0), whereas reads from .I /dev/zero -always return bytes containing zero (\(aq\e0\(aq characters). +always return bytes containing zero (\[aq]\e0\[aq] characters). .PP These devices are typically created by: .PP diff --git a/man4/veth.4 b/man4/veth.4 index 254ad32e8a..09d71db6cc 100644 --- a/man4/veth.4 +++ b/man4/veth.4 @@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ network interface, using commands something like: # \fBethtool \-S ve_A\fP # Discover interface index of peer NIC statistics: peer_ifindex: 16 -# \fBip link | grep \(aq\(ha16:\(aq\fP # Look up interface +# \fBip link | grep \[aq]\(ha16:\[aq]\fP # Look up interface 16: ve_B@ve_A: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,M\-DOWN> mtu 1500 qdisc ... .EE .in diff --git a/man5/core.5 b/man5/core.5 index a354c5a4ff..0b4cb88236 100644 --- a/man5/core.5 +++ b/man5/core.5 @@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ in .TP %E Pathname of executable, -with slashes (\(aq/\(aq) replaced by exclamation marks (\(aq!\(aq) +with slashes (\[aq]/\[aq]) replaced by exclamation marks (\[aq]!\[aq]) (since Linux 3.0). .TP %g @@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ core filename, as is the combination of a % followed by any character other than those listed above. All other characters in the template become a literal part of the core filename. -The template may include \(aq/\(aq characters, which are interpreted +The template may include \[aq]/\[aq] characters, which are interpreted as delimiters for directory names. The maximum size of the resulting core filename is 128 bytes (64 bytes before Linux 2.6.19). @@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ Since Linux 3.6, if .I /proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable is set to 2 ("suidsafe"), the pattern must be either an absolute pathname -(starting with a leading \(aq/\(aq character) or a pipe, as defined below. +(starting with a leading \[aq]/\[aq] character) or a pipe, as defined below. .SS Piping core dumps to a program Since Linux 2.6.19, Linux supports an alternate syntax for the .I /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern diff --git a/man5/elf.5 b/man5/elf.5 index 3deb194c25..2abf79a8f7 100644 --- a/man5/elf.5 +++ b/man5/elf.5 @@ -187,19 +187,19 @@ It must be filled with The second byte of the magic number. It must be filled with .BR ELFMAG1 . -(1: \(aqE\(aq) +(1: \[aq]E\[aq]) .TP .B EI_MAG2 The third byte of the magic number. It must be filled with .BR ELFMAG2 . -(2: \(aqL\(aq) +(2: \[aq]L\[aq]) .TP .B EI_MAG3 The fourth byte of the magic number. It must be filled with .BR ELFMAG3 . -(3: \(aqF\(aq) +(3: \[aq]F\[aq]) .TP .B EI_CLASS The fifth byte identifies the architecture for this binary: @@ -1435,7 +1435,7 @@ and section names. One references a string as an index into the string table section. The first byte, which is index zero, is defined to hold -a null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). +a null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). Similarly, a string table's last byte is defined to hold a null byte, ensuring null termination for all strings. .PP diff --git a/man5/gai.conf.5 b/man5/gai.conf.5 index 4c259b818a..864f2a4a1a 100644 --- a/man5/gai.conf.5 +++ b/man5/gai.conf.5 @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ file. .PP Each line in the configuration file consists of a keyword and its parameters. White spaces in any place are ignored. -Lines starting with \(aq#\(aq are comments and are ignored. +Lines starting with \[aq]#\[aq] are comments and are ignored. .PP The keywords currently recognized are: .TP diff --git a/man5/host.conf.5 b/man5/host.conf.5 index 9f09a8573c..0853a350fe 100644 --- a/man5/host.conf.5 +++ b/man5/host.conf.5 @@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ The following keywords are recognized: .I trim This keyword may be listed more than once. Each time it should be -followed by a list of domains, separated by colons (\(aq:\(aq), semicolons -(\(aq;\(aq) or commas (\(aq,\(aq), with the leading dot. +followed by a list of domains, separated by colons (\[aq]:\[aq]), semicolons +(\[aq];\[aq]) or commas (\[aq],\[aq]), with the leading dot. When set, the resolver library will automatically trim the given domain name from the end of any hostname resolved via DNS. @@ -83,13 +83,13 @@ Overrides the command. .TP .B RESOLV_ADD_TRIM_DOMAINS -A list of domains, separated by colons (\(aq:\(aq), semicolons (\(aq;\(aq), or -commas (\(aq,\(aq), with the leading dot, which will be added to the list of +A list of domains, separated by colons (\[aq]:\[aq]), semicolons (\[aq];\[aq]), or +commas (\[aq],\[aq]), with the leading dot, which will be added to the list of domains that should be trimmed. .TP .B RESOLV_OVERRIDE_TRIM_DOMAINS -A list of domains, separated by colons (\(aq:\(aq), semicolons (\(aq;\(aq), or -commas (\(aq,\(aq), with the leading dot, which will replace the list of +A list of domains, separated by colons (\[aq]:\[aq]), semicolons (\[aq];\[aq]), or +commas (\[aq],\[aq]), with the leading dot, which will replace the list of domains that should be trimmed. Overrides the .I trim diff --git a/man5/locale.5 b/man5/locale.5 index a391590a09..77771438e4 100644 --- a/man5/locale.5 +++ b/man5/locale.5 @@ -160,8 +160,8 @@ State, province, or prefecture. %c Country, as taken from data record. .PP -Each field descriptor may have an \(aqR\(aq after -the \(aq%\(aq to specify that the +Each field descriptor may have an \[aq]R\[aq] after +the \[aq]%\[aq] to specify that the information is taken from a Romanized version string of the entity. .RE diff --git a/man5/nscd.conf.5 b/man5/nscd.conf.5 index c660db2ff0..fa330d2966 100644 --- a/man5/nscd.conf.5 +++ b/man5/nscd.conf.5 @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Each line specifies either an attribute and a value, or an attribute, service, and a value. Fields are separated either by SPACE or TAB characters. -A \(aq#\(aq (number sign) indicates the beginning of a +A \[aq]#\[aq] (number sign) indicates the beginning of a comment; following characters, up to the end of the line, are not interpreted by nscd. .PP diff --git a/man5/nss.5 b/man5/nss.5 index d959e3d04d..240cf12f8d 100644 --- a/man5/nss.5 +++ b/man5/nss.5 @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ file contains a number of variable assignments. Each variable controls the behavior of one or more NSS modules. White spaces are ignored. -Lines beginning with \(aq#\(aq +Lines beginning with \[aq]#\[aq] are treated as comments. .PP The variables currently recognized are: diff --git a/man5/passwd.5 b/man5/passwd.5 index 4e8d62d0ff..b758929bb2 100644 --- a/man5/passwd.5 +++ b/man5/passwd.5 @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ hardware was too slow to crack a well-chosen password, and moreover the basic assumption used to be that of a friendly user-community. These days many people run some version of the shadow password suite, where .I /etc/passwd -has an \(aqx\(aq character in the password field, +has an \[aq]x\[aq] character in the password field, and the encrypted passwords are in .IR /etc/shadow , which is readable by the superuser only. @@ -78,10 +78,10 @@ It should not contain capital letters. .TP .I password This is either the encrypted user password, -an asterisk (*), or the letter \(aqx\(aq. +an asterisk (*), or the letter \[aq]x\[aq]. (See .BR pwconv (8) -for an explanation of \(aqx\(aq.) +for an explanation of \[aq]x\[aq].) .TP .I UID The privileged diff --git a/man5/proc.5 b/man5/proc.5 index 194b457ece..ccf2d1a2e4 100644 --- a/man5/proc.5 +++ b/man5/proc.5 @@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ unless the process is a zombie. In the latter case, there is nothing in this file: that is, a read on this file will return 0 characters. The command-line arguments appear in this file as a set of -strings separated by null bytes (\(aq\e0\(aq), +strings separated by null bytes (\[aq]\e0\[aq]), with a further null byte after the last string. .IP If, after an @@ -591,13 +591,13 @@ check; see This file contains the initial environment that was set when the currently executing program was started via .BR execve (2). -The entries are separated by null bytes (\(aq\e0\(aq), +The entries are separated by null bytes (\[aq]\e0\[aq]), and there may be a null byte at the end. Thus, to print out the environment of process 1, you would do: .IP .in +4n .EX -.RB "$" " cat /proc/1/environ | tr \(aq\e000\(aq \(aq\en\(aq" +.RB "$" " cat /proc/1/environ | tr \[aq]\e000\[aq] \[aq]\en\[aq]" .EE .in .IP @@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ to run another copy of the same executable that is being run by process .IR pid . If the pathname has been unlinked, the symbolic link will contain the -string \(aq(deleted)\(aq appended to the original pathname. +string \[aq](deleted)\[aq] appended to the original pathname. .\" The following was still true as at kernel 2.6.13 In a multithreaded process, the contents of this symbolic link are not available if the main thread has already terminated @@ -1854,7 +1854,7 @@ and in that shell we create some new mounts: .IP .in +4n .EX -$ \fBPS1=\(aqsh1# \(aq unshare \-Urnm\fP +$ \fBPS1=\[aq]sh1# \[aq] unshare \-Urnm\fP sh1# \fBmount \-t tmpfs tmpfs /etc\fP # Mount empty tmpfs at /etc sh1# \fBmount \-\-bind /usr /dev\fP # Mount /usr at /dev sh1# \fBecho $$\fP @@ -1868,7 +1868,7 @@ the initial and new namespaces: .IP .in +4n .EX -$ \fBPS1=\(aqsh2# \(aq sudo sh\fP +$ \fBPS1=\[aq]sh2# \[aq] sudo sh\fP sh2# \fBls /etc | wc \-l\fP # In initial NS 309 sh2# \fBls /proc/27123/root/etc | wc \-l\fP # /etc in other NS @@ -3260,7 +3260,7 @@ driver driver version geometry physical and logical geometry identify in hexadecimal media media type -model manufacturer\(aqs model number +model manufacturer\[aq]s model number settings drive settings smart_thresholds IDE disk management thresholds (in hex) smart_values IDE disk management values (in hex) @@ -4229,7 +4229,7 @@ The command .IP .in +4n .EX -echo \(aqscsi add\-single\-device 1 0 5 0\(aq > /proc/scsi/scsi +echo \[aq]scsi add\-single\-device 1 0 5 0\[aq] > /proc/scsi/scsi .EE .in .IP @@ -4414,13 +4414,13 @@ the \fI/proc\fP filesystem, and the (deprecated) .BR sysctl (2) system call. .IP -String values may be terminated by either \(aq\e0\(aq or \(aq\en\(aq. +String values may be terminated by either \[aq]\e0\[aq] or \[aq]\en\[aq]. .IP Integer and long values may be written either in decimal or in hexadecimal notation (e.g., 0x3FFF). When writing multiple integer or long values, these may be separated by any of the following whitespace characters: -\(aq\ \(aq, \(aq\et\(aq, or \(aq\en\(aq. +\[aq]\ \[aq], \[aq]\et\[aq], or \[aq]\en\[aq]. Using other separators leads to the error .BR EINVAL . .TP @@ -5019,8 +5019,8 @@ that is: .IP .in +4n .EX -.RB "#" " echo \(aqdarkstar\(aq > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname" -.RB "#" " echo \(aqmydomain\(aq > /proc/sys/kernel/domainname" +.RB "#" " echo \[aq]darkstar\[aq] > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname" +.RB "#" " echo \[aq]mydomain\[aq] > /proc/sys/kernel/domainname" .EE .in .IP @@ -5028,8 +5028,8 @@ has the same effect as .IP .in +4n .EX -.RB "#" " hostname \(aqdarkstar\(aq" -.RB "#" " domainname \(aqmydomain\(aq" +.RB "#" " hostname \[aq]darkstar\[aq]" +.RB "#" " domainname \[aq]mydomain\[aq]" .EE .in .IP @@ -6144,7 +6144,7 @@ The output columns are: .RS .IP [1] 5 a count of the number of events, -optionally (since Linux 2.6.23) followed by the letter \(aqD\(aq +optionally (since Linux 2.6.23) followed by the letter \[aq]D\[aq] .\" commit c5c061b8f9726bc2c25e19dec227933a13d1e6b7 deferrable timers if this is a deferrable timer; .IP [2] @@ -6889,13 +6889,13 @@ This is useful for analyzing virtual memory behavior. .SH NOTES Many files contain strings (e.g., the environment and command line) that are in the internal format, -with subfields terminated by null bytes (\(aq\e0\(aq). +with subfields terminated by null bytes (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). When inspecting such files, you may find that the results are more readable if you use a command of the following form to display them: .PP .in +4n .EX -.RB "$" " cat \fIfile\fP | tr \(aq\e000\(aq \(aq\en\(aq" +.RB "$" " cat \fIfile\fP | tr \[aq]\e000\[aq] \[aq]\en\[aq]" .EE .in .PP diff --git a/man5/resolv.conf.5 b/man5/resolv.conf.5 index e9622de4fc..6af8b4e92d 100644 --- a/man5/resolv.conf.5 +++ b/man5/resolv.conf.5 @@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ By default, the search list contains one entry, the local domain name. It is determined from the local hostname returned by .BR gethostname (2); the local domain name is taken to be everything after the first -\(aq.\(aq. -Finally, if the hostname does not contain a \(aq.\(aq, the +\[aq].\[aq]. +Finally, if the hostname does not contain a \[aq].\[aq], the root domain is assumed as the local domain name. .IP This may be changed by listing the desired domain search path diff --git a/man5/rpc.5 b/man5/rpc.5 index 4f919c1b73..29bc354a60 100644 --- a/man5/rpc.5 +++ b/man5/rpc.5 @@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ aliases .PP Items are separated by any number of blanks and/or tab characters. -A \(aq#\(aq indicates the beginning of a comment; characters from -the \(aq#\(aq to the end of the line are not interpreted by routines +A \[aq]#\[aq] indicates the beginning of a comment; characters from +the \[aq]#\[aq] to the end of the line are not interpreted by routines which search the file. .PP Here is an example of the diff --git a/man5/slabinfo.5 b/man5/slabinfo.5 index 5459122c10..6f286d3d9c 100644 --- a/man5/slabinfo.5 +++ b/man5/slabinfo.5 @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ lines of the following form to .PP .in +4n .EX -# \fBecho \(aqname limit batchcount sharedfactor\(aq > /proc/slabinfo\fP +# \fBecho \[aq]name limit batchcount sharedfactor\[aq] > /proc/slabinfo\fP .EE .in .PP diff --git a/man5/termcap.5 b/man5/termcap.5 index c6e18f3bfc..d295ef9b9f 100644 --- a/man5/termcap.5 +++ b/man5/termcap.5 @@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ The termcap database is indexed on the .B TERM environment variable. .PP -Termcap entries must be defined on a single logical line, with \(aq\e\(aq +Termcap entries must be defined on a single logical line, with \[aq]\e\[aq] used to suppress the newline. -Fields are separated by \(aq:\(aq. +Fields are separated by \[aq]:\[aq]. The first field of each entry starts at the left-hand margin, -and contains a list of names for the terminal, separated by \(aq|\(aq. +and contains a list of names for the terminal, separated by \[aq]|\[aq]. .PP The first subfield may (in BSD termcap entries from 4.3BSD and earlier) contain a short name consisting of two characters. @@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ XF XOFF character if not \fB\(haS\fP There are several ways of defining the control codes for string capabilities: .PP Every normal character represents itself, -except \(aq\(ha\(aq, \(aq\e\(aq, and \(aq%\(aq. +except \[aq]\(ha\[aq], \[aq]\e\[aq], and \[aq]%\[aq]. .PP A \fB\(hax\fP means Control-x. Control-A equals 1 decimal. @@ -402,9 +402,9 @@ d Do ASCII output of this parameter with a field with of 3 .TP % -Print a \(aq%\(aq +Print a \[aq]%\[aq] .PP -If you use binary output, then you should avoid the null character (\(aq\e0\(aq) +If you use binary output, then you should avoid the null character (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) because it terminates the string. You should reset tabulator expansion if a tabulator can be the binary output of a parameter. diff --git a/man5/utmp.5 b/man5/utmp.5 index b6d2d3337e..430cff4b45 100644 --- a/man5/utmp.5 +++ b/man5/utmp.5 @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ This structure gives the name of the special file associated with the user's terminal, the user's login name, and the time of login in the form of .BR time (2). -String fields are terminated by a null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq) +String fields are terminated by a null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) if they are shorter than the size of the field. .PP diff --git a/man7/aio.7 b/man7/aio.7 index d0d814cb24..5a9dc4ff19 100644 --- a/man7/aio.7 +++ b/man7/aio.7 @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ struct aiocb { /* Various implementation\-internal fields not shown */ }; -/* Operation codes for \(aqaio_lio_opcode\(aq: */ +/* Operation codes for \[aq]aio_lio_opcode\[aq]: */ enum { LIO_READ, LIO_WRITE, LIO_NOP }; .EE diff --git a/man7/ascii.7 b/man7/ascii.7 index 47fe7ab697..cf4d433717 100644 --- a/man7/ascii.7 +++ b/man7/ascii.7 @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ The international counterpart of ASCII is known as ISO 646-IRV. .PP The following table contains the 128 ASCII characters. .PP -C program \f(CW\(aq\eX\(aq\fP escapes are noted. +C program \f(CW\[aq]\eX\[aq]\fP escapes are noted. .if t \{\ .ft CW \} @@ -33,20 +33,20 @@ C program \f(CW\(aq\eX\(aq\fP escapes are noted. l l l l | l l l l. Oct Dec Hex Char Oct Dec Hex Char _ -000 0 00 NUL \(aq\e0\(aq (null character) 100 64 40 @ +000 0 00 NUL \[aq]\e0\[aq] (null character) 100 64 40 @ 001 1 01 SOH (start of heading) 101 65 41 A 002 2 02 STX (start of text) 102 66 42 B 003 3 03 ETX (end of text) 103 67 43 C 004 4 04 EOT (end of transmission) 104 68 44 D 005 5 05 ENQ (enquiry) 105 69 45 E 006 6 06 ACK (acknowledge) 106 70 46 F -007 7 07 BEL \(aq\ea\(aq (bell) 107 71 47 G -010 8 08 BS \(aq\eb\(aq (backspace) 110 72 48 H -011 9 09 HT \(aq\et\(aq (horizontal tab) 111 73 49 I -012 10 0A LF \(aq\en\(aq (new line) 112 74 4A J -013 11 0B VT \(aq\ev\(aq (vertical tab) 113 75 4B K -014 12 0C FF \(aq\ef\(aq (form feed) 114 76 4C L -015 13 0D CR \(aq\er\(aq (carriage ret) 115 77 4D M +007 7 07 BEL \[aq]\ea\[aq] (bell) 107 71 47 G +010 8 08 BS \[aq]\eb\[aq] (backspace) 110 72 48 H +011 9 09 HT \[aq]\et\[aq] (horizontal tab) 111 73 49 I +012 10 0A LF \[aq]\en\[aq] (new line) 112 74 4A J +013 11 0B VT \[aq]\ev\[aq] (vertical tab) 113 75 4B K +014 12 0C FF \[aq]\ef\[aq] (form feed) 114 76 4C L +015 13 0D CR \[aq]\er\[aq] (carriage ret) 115 77 4D M 016 14 0E SO (shift out) 116 78 4E N 017 15 0F SI (shift in) 117 79 4F O 020 16 10 DLE (data link escape) 120 80 50 P @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ _ 031 25 19 EM (end of medium) 131 89 59 Y 032 26 1A SUB (substitute) 132 90 5A Z 033 27 1B ESC (escape) 133 91 5B [ -034 28 1C FS (file separator) 134 92 5C \e \(aq\e\e\(aq +034 28 1C FS (file separator) 134 92 5C \e \[aq]\e\e\[aq] 035 29 1D GS (group separator) 135 93 5D ] 036 30 1E RS (record separator) 136 94 5E \(ha 037 31 1F US (unit separator) 137 95 5F \&_ @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ _ 044 36 24 $ 144 100 64 d 045 37 25 % 145 101 65 e 046 38 26 & 146 102 66 f -047 39 27 \(aq 147 103 67 g +047 39 27 \[aq] 147 103 67 g 050 40 28 ( 150 104 68 h 051 41 29 ) 151 105 69 i 052 42 2A * 152 106 6A j @@ -119,9 +119,9 @@ For convenience, below are more compact tables in hex and decimal. 4: $ 4 D T d t 4: " , 6 @ J T \(ha h r | 5: % 5 E U e u 5: # \- 7 A K U _ i s } 6: & 6 F V f v 6: $ . 8 B L V \` j t \(ti -7: \(aq 7 G W g w 7: % / 9 C M W a k u DEL +7: \[aq] 7 G W g w 7: % / 9 C M W a k u DEL 8: ( 8 H X h x 8: & 0 : D N X b l v -9: ) 9 I Y i y 9: \(aq 1 ; E O Y c m w +9: ) 9 I Y i y 9: \[aq] 1 ; E O Y c m w A: * : J Z j z B: + ; K [ k { C: , < L \e l | diff --git a/man7/boot.7 b/man7/boot.7 index bfe35dcd05..421b113f49 100644 --- a/man7/boot.7 +++ b/man7/boot.7 @@ -176,9 +176,9 @@ A primary script (usually \fI/etc/rc\fR) is called from .BR inittab (5); this primary script calls each service's script via a link in the relevant sequencing directory. -Each link whose name begins with \(aqS\(aq is called with +Each link whose name begins with \[aq]S\[aq] is called with the argument "start" (thereby starting the service). -Each link whose name begins with \(aqK\(aq is called with +Each link whose name begins with \[aq]K\[aq] is called with the argument "stop" (thereby stopping the service). .PP To define the starting or stopping order within the same run-level, diff --git a/man7/bpf-helpers.7 b/man7/bpf-helpers.7 index 8a6850f137..51fc9aba20 100644 --- a/man7/bpf-helpers.7 +++ b/man7/bpf-helpers.7 @@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ this struct exposes the \fIkey\fP\fB\->tunnel_id\fP, which is generally mapped to a VNI (Virtual Network Identifier), making it programmable together with the \fBbpf_skb_set_tunnel_key\fP() helper. .sp -Let\(aqs imagine that the following code is part of a program +Let\[aq]s imagine that the following code is part of a program attached to the TC ingress interface, on one end of a GRE tunnel, and is supposed to filter out all messages coming from remote ends with IPv4 address other than 10.0.0.1: @@ -1447,7 +1447,7 @@ interfaces in the map, with BPF_F_EXCLUDE_INGRESS the ingress interface will be excluded when do broadcasting. .sp See also \fBbpf_redirect\fP(), which only supports redirecting -to an ifindex, but doesn\(aqt require a map to do so. +to an ifindex, but doesn\[aq]t require a map to do so. .TP .B Return \fBXDP_REDIRECT\fP on success, or the value of the two lower bits @@ -1856,7 +1856,7 @@ single IP address on a host that has multiple IP configured. .sp This helper works for IPv4 and IPv6, TCP and UDP sockets. The domain (\fIaddr\fP\fB\->sa_family\fP) must be \fBAF_INET\fP (or -\fBAF_INET6\fP). It\(aqs advised to pass zero port (\fBsin_port\fP +\fBAF_INET6\fP). It\[aq]s advised to pass zero port (\fBsin_port\fP or \fBsin6_port\fP) which triggers IP_BIND_ADDRESS_NO_PORT\-like behavior and lets the kernel efficiently pick up an unused port as long as 4\-tuple is unique. Passing non\-zero port might @@ -1931,11 +1931,11 @@ specified. \fIfile_offset\fP is an offset relative to the beginning of the executable or shared object file backing the vma which the \fIip\fP falls in. It is \fInot\fP an offset relative -to that object\(aqs base address. Accordingly, it must be +to that object\[aq]s base address. Accordingly, it must be adjusted by adding (sh_addr \- sh_offset), where sh_{addr,offset} correspond to the executable section containing \fIfile_offset\fP in the object, for comparisons -to symbols\(aq st_value to be valid. +to symbols\[aq] st_value to be valid. .UNINDENT .sp \fBbpf_get_stack\fP() can collect up to @@ -1973,10 +1973,10 @@ base offset to start from. \fIstart_header\fP can be one of: .INDENT 7.0 .TP .B \fBBPF_HDR_START_MAC\fP -Base offset to load data from is \fIskb\fP\(aqs mac header. +Base offset to load data from is \fIskb\fP\[aq]s mac header. .TP .B \fBBPF_HDR_START_NET\fP -Base offset to load data from is \fIskb\fP\(aqs network header. +Base offset to load data from is \fIskb\fP\[aq]s network header. .UNINDENT .sp In general, \(dqdirect packet access\(dq is the preferred method to @@ -2732,7 +2732,7 @@ error otherwise. Get name of sysctl in /proc/sys/ and copy it into provided by program buffer \fIbuf\fP of size \fIbuf_len\fP\&. .sp -The buffer is always NUL terminated, unless it\(aqs zero\-sized. +The buffer is always NUL terminated, unless it\[aq]s zero\-sized. .sp If \fIflags\fP is zero, full name (e.g. \(dqnet/ipv4/tcp_mem\(dq) is copied. Use \fBBPF_F_SYSCTL_BASE_NAME\fP flag to copy base name @@ -2741,7 +2741,7 @@ only (e.g. \(dqtcp_mem\(dq). .B Return Number of character copied (not including the trailing NUL). .sp -\fB\-E2BIG\fP if the buffer wasn\(aqt big enough (\fIbuf\fP will contain +\fB\-E2BIG\fP if the buffer wasn\[aq]t big enough (\fIbuf\fP will contain truncated name in this case). .UNINDENT .TP @@ -2756,12 +2756,12 @@ by program buffer \fIbuf\fP of size \fIbuf_len\fP\&. The whole value is copied, no matter what file position user space issued e.g. sys_read at. .sp -The buffer is always NUL terminated, unless it\(aqs zero\-sized. +The buffer is always NUL terminated, unless it\[aq]s zero\-sized. .TP .B Return Number of character copied (not including the trailing NUL). .sp -\fB\-E2BIG\fP if the buffer wasn\(aqt big enough (\fIbuf\fP will contain +\fB\-E2BIG\fP if the buffer wasn\[aq]t big enough (\fIbuf\fP will contain truncated name in this case). .sp \fB\-EINVAL\fP if current value was unavailable, e.g. because @@ -2778,12 +2778,12 @@ provided by program buffer \fIbuf\fP of size \fIbuf_len\fP\&. .sp User space may write new value at file position > 0. .sp -The buffer is always NUL terminated, unless it\(aqs zero\-sized. +The buffer is always NUL terminated, unless it\[aq]s zero\-sized. .TP .B Return Number of character copied (not including the trailing NUL). .sp -\fB\-E2BIG\fP if the buffer wasn\(aqt big enough (\fIbuf\fP will contain +\fB\-E2BIG\fP if the buffer wasn\[aq]t big enough (\fIbuf\fP will contain truncated name in this case). .sp \fB\-EINVAL\fP if sysctl is being read. @@ -2820,7 +2820,7 @@ and save the result in \fIres\fP\&. .sp The string may begin with an arbitrary amount of white space (as determined by \fBisspace\fP(3)) followed by a single -optional \(aq\fB\-\fP\(aq sign. +optional \[aq]\fB\-\fP\[aq] sign. .sp Five least significant bits of \fIflags\fP encode base, other bits are currently unused. @@ -2918,7 +2918,7 @@ Delete a bpf\-local\-storage from a \fIsk\fP\&. .TP .B Description Send signal \fIsig\fP to the process of the current task. -The signal may be delivered to any of this process\(aqs threads. +The signal may be delivered to any of this process\[aq]s threads. .TP .B Return 0 on success or successfully queued. @@ -3150,7 +3150,7 @@ Returns 0 on success, values for \fIpid\fP and \fItgid\fP as seen from the curre .B Return 0 on success, or one of the following in case of failure: .sp -\fB\-EINVAL\fP if dev and inum supplied don\(aqt match dev_t and inode number +\fB\-EINVAL\fP if dev and inum supplied don\[aq]t match dev_t and inode number with nsfs of current task, or if dev conversion to dev_t lost high bits. .sp \fB\-ENOENT\fP if pidns does not exists for the current task. @@ -3307,7 +3307,7 @@ potentially by another program, and \fB\-EINVAL\fP if unsupported flags were specified. .IP \(bu 2 \fB\-EPROTOTYPE\fP if socket L4 protocol -(\fIsk\->protocol\fP) doesn\(aqt match packet protocol +(\fIsk\->protocol\fP) doesn\[aq]t match packet protocol (\fIctx\->protocol\fP). .IP \(bu 2 \fB\-ESOCKTNOSUPPORT\fP if socket is not in allowed @@ -3459,7 +3459,7 @@ of new data availability is sent unconditionally. If \fB0\fP is specified in \fIflags\fP, an adaptive notification of new data availability is sent. .sp -See \(aqbpf_ringbuf_output()\(aq for the definition of adaptive notification. +See \[aq]bpf_ringbuf_output()\[aq] for the definition of adaptive notification. .TP .B Return Nothing. Always succeeds. @@ -3477,7 +3477,7 @@ of new data availability is sent unconditionally. If \fB0\fP is specified in \fIflags\fP, an adaptive notification of new data availability is sent. .sp -See \(aqbpf_ringbuf_output()\(aq for the definition of adaptive notification. +See \[aq]bpf_ringbuf_output()\[aq] for the definition of adaptive notification. .TP .B Return Nothing. Always succeeds. @@ -3906,7 +3906,7 @@ Use BTF to write to seq_write a string representation of .B Description See \fBbpf_get_cgroup_classid\fP() for the main description. This helper differs from \fBbpf_get_cgroup_classid\fP() in that -the cgroup v1 net_cls class is retrieved only from the \fIskb\fP\(aqs +the cgroup v1 net_cls class is retrieved only from the \fIskb\fP\[aq]s associated socket instead of the current process. .TP .B Return @@ -3923,7 +3923,7 @@ is somewhat similar to \fBbpf_redirect\fP(), except that it populates L2 addresses as well, meaning, internally, the helper relies on the neighbor lookup for the L2 address of the nexthop. .sp -The helper will perform a FIB lookup based on the skb\(aqs +The helper will perform a FIB lookup based on the skb\[aq]s networking header to get the address of the next hop, unless this is supplied by the caller in the \fIparams\fP argument. The \fIplen\fP argument indicates the len of \fIparams\fP and should be set @@ -3944,7 +3944,7 @@ The helper returns \fBTC_ACT_REDIRECT\fP on success or .B Description Take a pointer to a percpu ksym, \fIpercpu_ptr\fP, and return a pointer to the percpu kernel variable on \fIcpu\fP\&. A ksym is an -extern variable decorated with \(aq__ksym\(aq. For ksym, there is a +extern variable decorated with \[aq]__ksym\[aq]. For ksym, there is a global var (either static or global) defined of the same name in the kernel. The ksym is percpu if the global var is percpu. The returned pointer points to the global percpu var on \fIcpu\fP\&. @@ -3965,7 +3965,7 @@ NULL, if \fIcpu\fP is invalid. .B Description Take a pointer to a percpu ksym, \fIpercpu_ptr\fP, and return a pointer to the percpu kernel variable on this cpu. See the -description of \(aqksym\(aq in \fBbpf_per_cpu_ptr\fP(). +description of \[aq]ksym\[aq] in \fBbpf_per_cpu_ptr\fP(). .sp bpf_this_cpu_ptr() has the same semantic as this_cpu_ptr() in the kernel. Different from \fBbpf_per_cpu_ptr\fP(), it would @@ -3981,9 +3981,9 @@ A pointer pointing to the kernel percpu variable on this cpu. .B Description Redirect the packet to another net device of index \fIifindex\fP\&. This helper is somewhat similar to \fBbpf_redirect\fP(), except -that the redirection happens to the \fIifindex\fP\(aq peer device and +that the redirection happens to the \fIifindex\fP\[aq] peer device and the netns switch takes place from ingress to ingress without -going through the CPU\(aqs backlog queue. +going through the CPU\[aq]s backlog queue. .sp The \fIflags\fP argument is reserved and must be 0. The helper is currently only supported for tc BPF program types at the ingress @@ -4083,7 +4083,7 @@ Current \fIktime\fP\&. .INDENT 7.0 .TP .B Description -Returns the stored IMA hash of the \fIinode\fP (if it\(aqs available). +Returns the stored IMA hash of the \fIinode\fP (if it\[aq]s available). If the hash is larger than \fIsize\fP, then only \fIsize\fP bytes will be copied to \fIdst\fP .TP @@ -4123,7 +4123,7 @@ planned size change; therefore the responsibility for catching a negative packet size belongs in those helpers. .sp Specifying \fIifindex\fP zero means the MTU check is performed -against the current net device. This is practical if this isn\(aqt +against the current net device. This is practical if this isn\[aq]t used prior to redirect. .sp On input \fImtu_len\fP must be a valid pointer, else verifier will @@ -4260,7 +4260,7 @@ A syscall result. .INDENT 7.0 .TP .B Description -Find BTF type with given name and kind in vmlinux BTF or in module\(aqs BTFs. +Find BTF type with given name and kind in vmlinux BTF or in module\[aq]s BTFs. .TP .B Return Returns btf_id and btf_obj_fd in lower and upper 32 bits. @@ -4291,7 +4291,7 @@ the same \fImap\fP\&. 0 on success. \fB\-EBUSY\fP if \fItimer\fP is already initialized. \fB\-EINVAL\fP if invalid \fIflags\fP are passed. -\fB\-EPERM\fP if \fItimer\fP is in a map that doesn\(aqt have any user references. +\fB\-EPERM\fP if \fItimer\fP is in a map that doesn\[aq]t have any user references. The user space should either hold a file descriptor to a map with timers or pin such map in bpffs. When map is unpinned or file descriptor is closed all timers in the map will be cancelled and freed. @@ -4306,7 +4306,7 @@ Configure the timer to call \fIcallback_fn\fP static function. .B Return 0 on success. \fB\-EINVAL\fP if \fItimer\fP was not initialized with bpf_timer_init() earlier. -\fB\-EPERM\fP if \fItimer\fP is in a map that doesn\(aqt have any user references. +\fB\-EPERM\fP if \fItimer\fP is in a map that doesn\[aq]t have any user references. The user space should either hold a file descriptor to a map with timers or pin such map in bpffs. When map is unpinned or file descriptor is closed all timers in the map will be cancelled and freed. @@ -4324,9 +4324,9 @@ Since struct bpf_timer is a field inside map element the map owns the timer. The bpf_timer_set_callback() will increment refcnt of BPF program to make sure that callback_fn code stays valid. When user space reference to a map reaches zero all timers -in a map are cancelled and corresponding program\(aqs refcnts are +in a map are cancelled and corresponding program\[aq]s refcnts are decremented. This is done to make sure that Ctrl\-C of a user -process doesn\(aqt leave any timers running. If map is pinned in +process doesn\[aq]t leave any timers running. If map is pinned in bpffs the callback_fn can re\-arm itself indefinitely. bpf_map_update/delete_elem() helpers and user space sys_bpf commands cancel and free the timer in the given map element. @@ -4522,7 +4522,7 @@ The number of loops performed, \fB\-EINVAL\fP for invalid \fBflags\fP, .INDENT 7.0 .TP .B Description -Do strncmp() between \fBs1\fP and \fBs2\fP\&. \fBs1\fP doesn\(aqt need +Do strncmp() between \fBs1\fP and \fBs2\fP\&. \fBs1\fP doesn\[aq]t need to be null\-terminated and \fBs1_sz\fP is the maximum storage size of \fBs1\fP\&. \fBs2\fP must be a read\-only string. .TP @@ -4571,26 +4571,26 @@ The number of argument registers of the traced function. .INDENT 7.0 .TP .B Description -Get the BPF program\(aqs return value that will be returned to the upper layers. +Get the BPF program\[aq]s return value that will be returned to the upper layers. .sp This helper is currently supported by cgroup programs and only by the hooks -where BPF program\(aqs return value is returned to the userspace via errno. +where BPF program\[aq]s return value is returned to the userspace via errno. .TP .B Return -The BPF program\(aqs return value. +The BPF program\[aq]s return value. .UNINDENT .TP .B \fBint bpf_set_retval(int\fP \fIretval\fP\fB)\fP .INDENT 7.0 .TP .B Description -Set the BPF program\(aqs return value that will be returned to the upper layers. +Set the BPF program\[aq]s return value that will be returned to the upper layers. .sp This helper is currently supported by cgroup programs and only by the hooks -where BPF program\(aqs return value is returned to the userspace via errno. +where BPF program\[aq]s return value is returned to the userspace via errno. .sp Note that there is the following corner case where the program exports an error -via bpf_set_retval but signals success via \(aqreturn 1\(aq: +via bpf_set_retval but signals success via \[aq]return 1\[aq]: .INDENT 7.0 .INDENT 3.5 bpf_set_retval(\-EPERM); @@ -4598,8 +4598,8 @@ return 1; .UNINDENT .UNINDENT .sp -In this case, the BPF program\(aqs return value will use helper\(aqs \-EPERM. This -still holds true for cgroup/bind{4,6} which supports extra \(aqreturn 3\(aq success case. +In this case, the BPF program\[aq]s return value will use helper\[aq]s \-EPERM. This +still holds true for cgroup/bind{4,6} which supports extra \[aq]return 3\[aq] success case. .TP .B Return 0 on success, or a negative error in case of failure. @@ -4643,7 +4643,7 @@ associated to \fIxdp_md\fP, at \fIoffset\fP\&. .INDENT 7.0 .TP .B Description -Read \fIsize\fP bytes from user space address \fIuser_ptr\fP in \fItsk\fP\(aqs +Read \fIsize\fP bytes from user space address \fIuser_ptr\fP in \fItsk\fP\[aq]s address space, and stores the data in \fIdst\fP\&. \fIflags\fP is not used yet and is provided for future extensibility. This helper can only be used by sleepable programs. @@ -4777,7 +4777,7 @@ through the dynptr interface. This is a no\-op if the dynptr is invalid/null. .sp For more information on \fIflags\fP, please see -\(aqbpf_ringbuf_submit\(aq. +\[aq]bpf_ringbuf_submit\[aq]. .TP .B Return Nothing. Always succeeds. @@ -4791,7 +4791,7 @@ Discard reserved ring buffer sample through the dynptr interface. This is a no\-op if the dynptr is invalid/null. .sp For more information on \fIflags\fP, please see -\(aqbpf_ringbuf_discard\(aq. +\[aq]bpf_ringbuf_discard\[aq]. .TP .B Return Nothing. Always succeeds. @@ -4807,7 +4807,7 @@ into \fIsrc\fP\&. .TP .B Return 0 on success, \-E2BIG if \fIoffset\fP + \fIlen\fP exceeds the length -of \fIsrc\fP\(aqs data, \-EINVAL if \fIsrc\fP is an invalid dynptr or if +of \fIsrc\fP\[aq]s data, \-EINVAL if \fIsrc\fP is an invalid dynptr or if \fIflags\fP is not 0. .UNINDENT .TP @@ -4821,7 +4821,7 @@ into \fIdst\fP\&. .TP .B Return 0 on success, \-E2BIG if \fIoffset\fP + \fIlen\fP exceeds the length -of \fIdst\fP\(aqs data, \-EINVAL if \fIdst\fP is an invalid dynptr or if \fIdst\fP +of \fIdst\fP\[aq]s data, \-EINVAL if \fIdst\fP is an invalid dynptr or if \fIdst\fP is a read\-only dynptr or if \fIflags\fP is not 0. .UNINDENT .TP diff --git a/man7/cgroup_namespaces.7 b/man7/cgroup_namespaces.7 index b69f91adf4..1b154005b4 100644 --- a/man7/cgroup_namespaces.7 +++ b/man7/cgroup_namespaces.7 @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ freezer cgroup, and the root directory of the freezer cgroup hierarchy in the new cgroup namespace is also .IR /sub . -Thus, the new shell's cgroup membership is displayed as \(aq/\(aq.) +Thus, the new shell's cgroup membership is displayed as \[aq]/\[aq].) .PP However, when we look in .I /proc/self/mountinfo @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ should show the directory in the cgroup filesystem which forms the root of this mount. Since by the definition of cgroup namespaces, the process's current freezer cgroup directory became its root freezer cgroup directory, -we should see \(aq/\(aq in this field. +we should see \[aq]/\[aq] in this field. The problem here is that we are seeing a mount entry for the cgroup filesystem corresponding to the initial cgroup namespace (whose cgroup filesystem is indeed rooted at the parent directory of @@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ new cgroup namespace), after which we see the expected results: .PP .in +4n .EX -sh2# \fBmount \-\-make\-rslave /\fP # Don\(aqt propagate mount events +sh2# \fBmount \-\-make\-rslave /\fP # Don\[aq]t propagate mount events # to other namespaces sh2# \fBumount /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer\fP sh2# \fBmount \-t cgroup \-o freezer freezer /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer\fP diff --git a/man7/cgroups.7 b/man7/cgroups.7 index ea8da680a4..3206bc5d32 100644 --- a/man7/cgroups.7 +++ b/man7/cgroups.7 @@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ or '\-' (to disable a controller), as in the following example: .IP .in +4n .EX -echo \(aq+pids \-memory\(aq > x/y/cgroup.subtree_control +echo \[aq]+pids \-memory\[aq] > x/y/cgroup.subtree_control .EE .in .IP diff --git a/man7/charsets.7 b/man7/charsets.7 index 7ab56d0f50..ea160bc5de 100644 --- a/man7/charsets.7 +++ b/man7/charsets.7 @@ -310,9 +310,9 @@ byte is the head of a code. Note that the only way ASCII bytes occur in a UTF-8 stream, is as themselves. In particular, there are no -embedded NULs (\(aq\e0\(aq) or \(aq/\(aqs that form part of some larger code. +embedded NULs (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) or \[aq]/\[aq]s that form part of some larger code. .PP -Since ASCII, and, in particular, NUL and \(aq/\(aq, are unchanged, the +Since ASCII, and, in particular, NUL and \[aq]/\[aq], are unchanged, the kernel does not notice that UTF-8 is being used. It does not care at all what the bytes it is handling stand for. diff --git a/man7/cpuset.7 b/man7/cpuset.7 index 9cc3c52ade..b90a9f254d 100644 --- a/man7/cpuset.7 +++ b/man7/cpuset.7 @@ -1385,7 +1385,7 @@ and then attach the current shell to that cpuset. .RB "$" " /bin/echo 1 > cpuset.mems" .RB "$" " /bin/echo $$ > tasks" # The current shell is now running in cpuset Charlie -# The next line should display \(aq/Charlie\(aq +# The next line should display \[aq]/Charlie\[aq] .RB "$" " cat /proc/self/cpuset" .EE .in diff --git a/man7/environ.7 b/man7/environ.7 index bdcec4e25f..36a2a51c91 100644 --- a/man7/environ.7 +++ b/man7/environ.7 @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ have the form "\fIname\fP\fB=\fP\fIvalue\fP". The name is case-sensitive and may not contain the character "\fB=\fP". The value can be anything that can be represented as a string. -The name and the value may not contain an embedded null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq), +The name and the value may not contain an embedded null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]), since this is assumed to terminate the string. .PP Environment variables may be placed in the shell's environment by the diff --git a/man7/epoll.7 b/man7/epoll.7 index bdad0e40f7..bc5fa9b27e 100644 --- a/man7/epoll.7 +++ b/man7/epoll.7 @@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ from where it stopped before. struct epoll_event ev, events[MAX_EVENTS]; int listen_sock, conn_sock, nfds, epollfd; -/* Code to set up listening socket, \(aqlisten_sock\(aq, +/* Code to set up listening socket, \[aq]listen_sock\[aq], (socket(), bind(), listen()) omitted. */ epollfd = epoll_create1(0); diff --git a/man7/fanotify.7 b/man7/fanotify.7 index a84e309941..01872057e4 100644 --- a/man7/fanotify.7 +++ b/man7/fanotify.7 @@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@ Listening for events stopped. #include <sys/fanotify.h> #include <unistd.h> -/* Read all available fanotify events from the file descriptor \(aqfd\(aq. */ +/* Read all available fanotify events from the file descriptor \[aq]fd\[aq]. */ static void handle_events(int fd) @@ -1127,7 +1127,7 @@ handle_events(int fd) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - path[path_len] = \(aq\e0\(aq; + path[path_len] = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; printf("File %s\en", path); /* Close the file descriptor of the event. */ @@ -1209,7 +1209,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) /* Console input is available: empty stdin and quit. */ - while (read(STDIN_FILENO, &buf, 1) > 0 && buf != \(aq\en\(aq) + while (read(STDIN_FILENO, &buf, 1) > 0 && buf != \[aq]\en\[aq]) continue; break; } @@ -1261,7 +1261,7 @@ been processed. Listening for events. FAN_CREATE (file created): Directory /home/user has been modified. - Entry \(aqtestfile.txt\(aq is not a subdirectory. + Entry \[aq]testfile.txt\[aq] is not a subdirectory. All events processed successfully. Program exiting. $ \fBtouch /home/user/testfile.txt\fP # In another terminal @@ -1284,7 +1284,7 @@ flag set and with the created directory name. Listening for events. FAN_CREATE | FAN_ONDIR (subdirectory created): Directory /home/user has been modified. - Entry \(aqtestdir\(aq is a subdirectory. + Entry \[aq]testdir\[aq] is a subdirectory. All events processed successfully. Program exiting. $ \fBmkdir \-p /home/user/testdir\fP # In another terminal @@ -1392,7 +1392,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) /* metadata\->fd is set to FAN_NOFD when the group identifies objects by file handles. To obtain a file descriptor for the file object corresponding to an event you can use the - struct file_handle that\(aqs provided within the + struct file_handle that\[aq]s provided within the fanotify_event_info_fid in conjunction with the open_by_handle_at(2) system call. A check for ESTALE is done to accommodate for the situation where the file handle @@ -1421,8 +1421,8 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - path[path_len] = \(aq\e0\(aq; - printf("\etDirectory \(aq%s\(aq has been modified.\en", path); + path[path_len] = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; + printf("\etDirectory \[aq]%s\[aq] has been modified.\en", path); if (file_name) { ret = fstatat(event_fd, file_name, &sb, 0); @@ -1431,11 +1431,11 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) perror("fstatat"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - printf("\etEntry \(aq%s\(aq does not exist.\en", file_name); + printf("\etEntry \[aq]%s\[aq] does not exist.\en", file_name); } else if ((sb.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR) { - printf("\etEntry \(aq%s\(aq is a subdirectory.\en", file_name); + printf("\etEntry \[aq]%s\[aq] is a subdirectory.\en", file_name); } else { - printf("\etEntry \(aq%s\(aq is not a subdirectory.\en", + printf("\etEntry \[aq]%s\[aq] is not a subdirectory.\en", file_name); } } diff --git a/man7/fifo.7 b/man7/fifo.7 index 141414f297..0a26c8ad1e 100644 --- a/man7/fifo.7 +++ b/man7/fifo.7 @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ FIFO special files can be created by .BR mkfifo (3), and are indicated by .I ls\~\-l -with the file type \(aqp\(aq. +with the file type \[aq]p\[aq]. .SH SEE ALSO .BR mkfifo (1), .BR open (2), diff --git a/man7/glob.7 b/man7/glob.7 index d4954ccdcb..f3492bcbe4 100644 --- a/man7/glob.7 +++ b/man7/glob.7 @@ -20,64 +20,64 @@ that will perform this function for a user program. The rules are as follows (POSIX.2, 3.13). .SS Wildcard matching A string is a wildcard pattern if it contains one of the -characters \(aq?\(aq, \(aq*\(aq, or \(aq[\(aq. +characters \[aq]?\[aq], \[aq]*\[aq], or \[aq][\[aq]. Globbing is the operation that expands a wildcard pattern into the list of pathnames matching the pattern. Matching is defined by: .PP -A \(aq?\(aq (not between brackets) matches any single character. +A \[aq]?\[aq] (not between brackets) matches any single character. .PP -A \(aq*\(aq (not between brackets) matches any string, +A \[aq]*\[aq] (not between brackets) matches any string, including the empty string. .PP .B "Character classes" .PP An expression "\fI[...]\fP" where the first character after the -leading \(aq[\(aq is not an \(aq!\(aq matches a single character, +leading \[aq][\[aq] is not an \[aq]!\[aq] matches a single character, namely any of the characters enclosed by the brackets. The string enclosed by the brackets cannot be empty; -therefore \(aq]\(aq can be allowed between the brackets, provided +therefore \[aq]]\[aq] can be allowed between the brackets, provided that it is the first character. (Thus, "\fI[][!]\fP" matches the -three characters \(aq[\(aq, \(aq]\(aq, and \(aq!\(aq.) +three characters \[aq][\[aq], \[aq]]\[aq], and \[aq]!\[aq].) .PP .B Ranges .PP There is one special convention: -two characters separated by \(aq\-\(aq denote a range. +two characters separated by \[aq]\-\[aq] denote a range. (Thus, "\fI[A\-Fa\-f0\-9]\fP" is equivalent to "\fI[ABCDEFabcdef0123456789]\fP".) -One may include \(aq\-\(aq in its literal meaning by making it the +One may include \[aq]\-\[aq] in its literal meaning by making it the first or last character between the brackets. -(Thus, "\fI[]\-]\fP" matches just the two characters \(aq]\(aq and \(aq\-\(aq, +(Thus, "\fI[]\-]\fP" matches just the two characters \[aq]]\[aq] and \[aq]\-\[aq], and "\fI[\-\-0]\fP" matches the -three characters \(aq\-\(aq, \(aq.\(aq, \(aq0\(aq, since \(aq/\(aq +three characters \[aq]\-\[aq], \[aq].\[aq], \[aq]0\[aq], since \[aq]/\[aq] cannot be matched.) .PP .B Complementation .PP An expression "\fI[!...]\fP" matches a single character, namely any character that is not matched by the expression obtained -by removing the first \(aq!\(aq from it. +by removing the first \[aq]!\[aq] from it. (Thus, "\fI[!]a\-]\fP" matches any -single character except \(aq]\(aq, \(aqa\(aq, and \(aq\-\(aq.) +single character except \[aq]]\[aq], \[aq]a\[aq], and \[aq]\-\[aq].) .PP -One can remove the special meaning of \(aq?\(aq, \(aq*\(aq, and \(aq[\(aq by +One can remove the special meaning of \[aq]?\[aq], \[aq]*\[aq], and \[aq][\[aq] by preceding them by a backslash, or, in case this is part of a shell command line, enclosing them in quotes. Between brackets these characters stand for themselves. Thus, "\fI[[?*\e]\fP" matches the -four characters \(aq[\(aq, \(aq?\(aq, \(aq*\(aq, and \(aq\e\(aq. +four characters \[aq][\[aq], \[aq]?\[aq], \[aq]*\[aq], and \[aq]\e\[aq]. .SS Pathnames Globbing is applied on each of the components of a pathname separately. -A \(aq/\(aq in a pathname cannot be matched by a \(aq?\(aq or \(aq*\(aq +A \[aq]/\[aq] in a pathname cannot be matched by a \[aq]?\[aq] or \[aq]*\[aq] wildcard, or by a range like "\fI[.\-0]\fP". -A range containing an explicit \(aq/\(aq character is syntactically incorrect. +A range containing an explicit \[aq]/\[aq] character is syntactically incorrect. (POSIX requires that syntactically incorrect patterns are left unchanged.) .PP -If a filename starts with a \(aq.\(aq, +If a filename starts with a \[aq].\[aq], this character must be matched explicitly. (Thus, \fIrm\ *\fP will not remove .profile, and \fItar\ c\ *\fP will not archive all your files; \fItar\ c\ .\fP is better.) @@ -134,11 +134,11 @@ Note that wildcard patterns are not regular expressions, although they are a bit similar. First of all, they match filenames, rather than text, and secondly, the conventions -are not the same: for example, in a regular expression \(aq*\(aq means zero or +are not the same: for example, in a regular expression \[aq]*\[aq] means zero or more copies of the preceding thing. .PP Now that regular expressions have bracket expressions where -the negation is indicated by a \(aq\(ha\(aq, POSIX has declared the +the negation is indicated by a \[aq]\(ha\[aq], POSIX has declared the effect of a wildcard pattern "\fI[\(ha...]\fP" to be undefined. .SS Character classes and internationalization Of course ranges were originally meant to be ASCII ranges, @@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ category in the current locale. .fi .PP so that one can say "\fI[[:lower:]]\fP" instead of "\fI[a\-z]\fP", and have -things work in Denmark, too, where there are three letters past \(aqz\(aq +things work in Denmark, too, where there are three letters past \[aq]z\[aq] in the alphabet. These character classes are defined by the .B LC_CTYPE diff --git a/man7/inode.7 b/man7/inode.7 index 655808cfe1..49078caff8 100644 --- a/man7/inode.7 +++ b/man7/inode.7 @@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ while various files under .I /sys report a size of 4096 bytes, even though the file content is smaller. For such files, one should simply try to read as many bytes as possible -(and append \(aq\e0\(aq to the returned buffer +(and append \[aq]\e0\[aq] to the returned buffer if it is to be interpreted as a string). .SH SEE ALSO .BR stat (1), diff --git a/man7/inotify.7 b/man7/inotify.7 index 673bcc1396..f755548f87 100644 --- a/man7/inotify.7 +++ b/man7/inotify.7 @@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ field is present only when an event is returned for a file inside a watched directory; it identifies the filename within the watched directory. This filename is null-terminated, -and may include further null bytes (\(aq\e0\(aq) to align subsequent reads to a +and may include further null bytes (\[aq]\e0\[aq]) to align subsequent reads to a suitable address boundary. .PP The @@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ Listening for events stopped. #include <unistd.h> #include <string.h> -/* Read all available inotify events from the file descriptor \(aqfd\(aq. +/* Read all available inotify events from the file descriptor \[aq]fd\[aq]. wd is the table of watch descriptors for the directories in argv. argc is the length of wd and argv. argv is the list of watched directories. @@ -1027,7 +1027,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[]) wd[i] = inotify_add_watch(fd, argv[i], IN_OPEN | IN_CLOSE); if (wd[i] == \-1) { - fprintf(stderr, "Cannot watch \(aq%s\(aq: %s\en", + fprintf(stderr, "Cannot watch \[aq]%s\[aq]: %s\en", argv[i], strerror(errno)); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } @@ -1061,7 +1061,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[]) /* Console input is available. Empty stdin and quit. */ - while (read(STDIN_FILENO, &buf, 1) > 0 && buf != \(aq\en\(aq) + while (read(STDIN_FILENO, &buf, 1) > 0 && buf != \[aq]\en\[aq]) continue; break; } diff --git a/man7/ipv6.7 b/man7/ipv6.7 index 7fe2d8d993..aae68c45a1 100644 --- a/man7/ipv6.7 +++ b/man7/ipv6.7 @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ anycast to address the nearest member of a group of hosts address an IPv4 host, and other reserved address types. .PP The address notation for IPv6 is a group of 8 4-digit hexadecimal -numbers, separated with a \(aq:\(aq. +numbers, separated with a \[aq]:\[aq]. \&"::" stands for a string of 0 bits. Special addresses are ::1 for loopback and ::FFFF:<IPv4 address> for IPv4-mapped-on-IPv6. diff --git a/man7/keyrings.7 b/man7/keyrings.7 index 5f6645bfdd..7851277558 100644 --- a/man7/keyrings.7 +++ b/man7/keyrings.7 @@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ The main purpose of a keyring is to prevent other keys from being garbage collected because nothing refers to them. .IP Keyrings with descriptions (names) -that begin with a period (\(aq.\(aq) are reserved to the implementation. +that begin with a period (\[aq].\[aq]) are reserved to the implementation. .TP .I """user""" This is a general-purpose key type. @@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ but they aren't discussed here because they aren't intended for normal user-space use. .PP Key type names -that begin with a period (\(aq.\(aq) are reserved to the implementation. +that begin with a period (\[aq].\[aq]) are reserved to the implementation. .\""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" .SS Keyrings As previously mentioned, keyrings are a special type of key that contain diff --git a/man7/locale.7 b/man7/locale.7 index 3a613dc668..adedb59985 100644 --- a/man7/locale.7 +++ b/man7/locale.7 @@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ struct lconv { char *int_curr_symbol; /* First three chars are a currency symbol from ISO 4217. Fourth char is the separator. Fifth char - is \(aq\e0\(aq. */ + is \[aq]\e0\[aq]. */ char *currency_symbol; /* Local currency symbol */ char *mon_decimal_point; /* Radix character */ char *mon_thousands_sep; /* Like \fIthousands_sep\fP above */ @@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ and and thus affects all unprivileged localized programs: .TP .B LOCPATH -A list of pathnames, separated by colons (\(aq:\(aq), +A list of pathnames, separated by colons (\[aq]:\[aq]), that should be used to find locale data. If this variable is set, only the individual compiled locale data files from diff --git a/man7/man-pages.7 b/man7/man-pages.7 index 71cae8d29e..c10a297346 100644 --- a/man7/man-pages.7 +++ b/man7/man-pages.7 @@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ If the call is Linux-specific, note this. .IP If this section consists of just a list of standards (which it commonly does), -terminate the list with a period (\(aq.\(aq). +terminate the list with a period (\[aq].\[aq]). .TP .B NOTES Miscellaneous notes. @@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ On the other hand, is the .IR "null byte" , a byte with the value 0, represented in C via the character constant -.IR \(aq\e0\(aq . +.IR \[aq]\e0\[aq] . .PP The preferred term for the pointer is "null pointer" or simply "NULL"; avoid writing "NULL pointer". diff --git a/man7/man.7 b/man7/man.7 index 787b3f0a83..fcabbf1fae 100644 --- a/man7/man.7 +++ b/man7/man.7 @@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ When you need to include the backslash character as normal text, use \ee. Other sequences you may use, where x or xx are any characters and N is any digit, include: -.BR \e\(aq , +.BR \e\[aq] , .BR \e\(ga , .BR \e- , .BR \e. , @@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ and macros instead). The condition test .RB ( if,ie ) -should only have \(aqt\(aq or \(aqn\(aq as the condition. +should only have \[aq]t\[aq] or \[aq]n\[aq] as the condition. Only translations .RB ( tr ) that can be ignored should be used. @@ -431,14 +431,14 @@ to ensure that tools can automatically find the URLs. .PP Tools processing these files should open the file and examine the first nonwhitespace character. -A period (.) or single quote (\(aq) at the beginning +A period (.) or single quote (\[aq]) at the beginning of a line indicates a troff-based file (such as man or mdoc). A left angle bracket (<) indicates an SGML/XML-based file (such as HTML or Docbook). Anything else suggests simple ASCII text (e.g., a "catman" result). .PP -Many man pages begin with \fB\(aq\e"\fP followed by a +Many man pages begin with \fB\[aq]\e"\fP followed by a space and a list of characters, indicating how the page is to be preprocessed. For portability's sake to non-troff translators we recommend diff --git a/man7/mount_namespaces.7 b/man7/mount_namespaces.7 index d6b2882c3b..47152ae2d3 100644 --- a/man7/mount_namespaces.7 +++ b/man7/mount_namespaces.7 @@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ and then view the mounts in .EX sh1# \fBmount \-\-make\-shared /mntS\fP sh1# \fBmount \-\-make\-private /mntP\fP -sh1# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \(aq/mnt\(aq | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +sh1# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \[aq]/mnt\[aq] | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 77 61 8:17 / /mntS rw,relatime shared:1 83 61 8:15 / /mntP rw,relatime .EE @@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ which is mounted as private: .PP .in +4n .EX -sh1# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | awk \(aq$1 == 61\(aq | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +sh1# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | awk \[aq]$1 == 61\[aq] | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 61 0 8:2 / / rw,relatime .EE .in @@ -287,8 +287,8 @@ and inspect the mounts: .PP .in +4n .EX -$ \fBPS1=\(aqsh2# \(aq sudo unshare \-m \-\-propagation unchanged sh\fP -sh2# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \(aq/mnt\(aq | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +$ \fBPS1=\[aq]sh2# \[aq] sudo unshare \-m \-\-propagation unchanged sh\fP +sh2# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \[aq]/mnt\[aq] | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 222 145 8:17 / /mntS rw,relatime shared:1 225 145 8:15 / /mntP rw,relatime .EE @@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ sh2# \fBmkdir /mntS/a\fP sh2# \fBmount /dev/sdb6 /mntS/a\fP sh2# \fBmkdir /mntP/b\fP sh2# \fBmount /dev/sdb7 /mntP/b\fP -sh2# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \(aq/mnt\(aq | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +sh2# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \[aq]/mnt\[aq] | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 222 145 8:17 / /mntS rw,relatime shared:1 225 145 8:15 / /mntP rw,relatime 178 222 8:22 / /mntS/a rw,relatime shared:2 @@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ did not propagate: .PP .in +4n .EX -sh1# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \(aq/mnt\(aq | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +sh1# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \[aq]/mnt\[aq] | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 77 61 8:17 / /mntS rw,relatime shared:1 83 61 8:15 / /mntP rw,relatime 179 77 8:22 / /mntS/a rw,relatime shared:2 @@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ two mounts as shared in the initial mount namespace: .EX sh1# \fBmount \-\-make\-shared /mntX\fP sh1# \fBmount \-\-make\-shared /mntY\fP -sh1# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \(aq/mnt\(aq | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +sh1# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \[aq]/mnt\[aq] | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 132 83 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1 133 83 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime shared:2 .EE @@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ we create a new mount namespace and inspect the mounts: .in +4n .EX sh2# \fBunshare \-m \-\-propagation unchanged sh\fP -sh2# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \(aq/mnt\(aq | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +sh2# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \[aq]/mnt\[aq] | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 168 167 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1 169 167 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime shared:2 .EE @@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ In the new mount namespace, we then mark one of the mounts as a slave: .in +4n .EX sh2# \fBmount \-\-make\-slave /mntY\fP -sh2# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \(aq/mnt\(aq | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +sh2# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \[aq]/mnt\[aq] | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 168 167 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1 169 167 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime master:2 .EE @@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ was created as a private mount: .PP .in +4n .EX -sh2# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \(aq/mnt\(aq | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +sh2# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \[aq]/mnt\[aq] | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 168 167 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1 169 167 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime master:2 173 168 8:3 / /mntX/a rw,relatime shared:3 @@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ was not propagated: .PP .in +4n .EX -sh1# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \(aq/mnt\(aq | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +sh1# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \[aq]/mnt\[aq] | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 132 83 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1 133 83 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime shared:2 174 132 8:3 / /mntX/a rw,relatime shared:3 @@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ in the first shell: .EX sh1# \fBmkdir /mntY/c\fP sh1# \fBmount /dev/sda1 /mntY/c\fP -sh1# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \(aq/mnt\(aq | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +sh1# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \[aq]/mnt\[aq] | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 132 83 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1 133 83 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime shared:2 174 132 8:3 / /mntX/a rw,relatime shared:3 @@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ and that the new mount is itself a slave mount (to peer group 4): .PP .in +4n .EX -sh2# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \(aq/mnt\(aq | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +sh2# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \[aq]/mnt\[aq] | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 168 167 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1 169 167 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime master:2 173 168 8:3 / /mntX/a rw,relatime shared:3 @@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ Suppose we have a system with the following mounts: .PP .in +4n .EX -# \fBmount | awk \(aq{print $1, $2, $3}\(aq\fP +# \fBmount | awk \[aq]{print $1, $2, $3}\[aq]\fP /dev/sda1 on / /dev/sdb6 on /mntX /dev/sdb7 on /mntY @@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ We do this for the first user, and inspect the mounts: .in +4n .EX # \fBmount \-\-rbind / /home/cecilia/\fP -# \fBmount | awk \(aq{print $1, $2, $3}\(aq\fP +# \fBmount | awk \[aq]{print $1, $2, $3}\[aq]\fP /dev/sda1 on / /dev/sdb6 on /mntX /dev/sdb7 on /mntY @@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ we start to see the explosion problem: .in +4n .EX # \fBmount \-\-rbind / /home/henry\fP -# \fBmount | awk \(aq{print $1, $2, $3}\(aq\fP +# \fBmount | awk \[aq]{print $1, $2, $3}\[aq]\fP /dev/sda1 on / /dev/sdb6 on /mntX /dev/sdb7 on /mntY @@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ it becomes obvious that the explosion is exponential in nature: .in +4n .EX # \fBmount \-\-rbind / /home/otto\fP -# \fBmount | awk \(aq{print $1, $2, $3}\(aq\fP +# \fBmount | awk \[aq]{print $1, $2, $3}\[aq]\fP /dev/sda1 on / /dev/sdb6 on /mntX /dev/sdb7 on /mntY @@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ under each user's directory: .PP .in +4n .EX -# \fBmount | awk \(aq{print $1, $2, $3}\(aq\fP +# \fBmount | awk \[aq]{print $1, $2, $3}\[aq]\fP /dev/sda1 on / /dev/sdb6 on /mntX /dev/sdb7 on /mntY @@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ mount is a shared mount in a new peer group (with no peers): .EX # \fBmount \-\-make\-private /mnt\fP # Isolate from any previous peer group # \fBmount \-\-make\-shared /mnt\fP -# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \(aq/mnt\(aq | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep \[aq]/mnt\[aq] | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 239 61 8:2 / /mnt ... shared:102 248 239 0:4 / /mnt/proc ... shared:5 .EE @@ -882,7 +882,7 @@ onto .EX # \fBmkdir \-p /tmp/etc\fP # \fBmount \-\-bind /mnt/etc /tmp/etc\fP -# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | egrep \(aq/mnt|/tmp/\(aq | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | egrep \[aq]/mnt|/tmp/\[aq] | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 239 61 8:2 / /mnt ... shared:102 248 239 0:4 / /mnt/proc ... shared:5 267 40 8:2 /etc /tmp/etc ... shared:102 @@ -903,7 +903,7 @@ so that it can propagate events to the next slave in the chain: .EX # \fBmount \-\-make\-slave /tmp/etc\fP # \fBmount \-\-make\-shared /tmp/etc\fP -# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | egrep \(aq/mnt|/tmp/\(aq | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | egrep \[aq]/mnt|/tmp/\[aq] | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 239 61 8:2 / /mnt ... shared:102 248 239 0:4 / /mnt/proc ... shared:5 267 40 8:2 /etc /tmp/etc ... shared:105 master:102 @@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ a slave of # \fBmkdir \-p /mnt/tmp/etc\fP # \fBmount \-\-bind /tmp/etc /mnt/tmp/etc\fP # \fBmount \-\-make\-slave /mnt/tmp/etc\fP -# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | egrep \(aq/mnt|/tmp/\(aq | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | egrep \[aq]/mnt|/tmp/\[aq] | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 239 61 8:2 / /mnt ... shared:102 248 239 0:4 / /mnt/proc ... shared:5 267 40 8:2 /etc /tmp/etc ... shared:105 master:102 @@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ we see the following: .PP .in +4n .EX -# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 239 61 8:2 / / ... shared:102 248 239 0:4 / /proc ... shared:5 273 239 8:2 /etc /tmp/etc ... master:105 propagate_from:102 @@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@ in the following step: \fBstrace \-o /tmp/log \e\fP \fBumount /mnt/dir\fP umount: /etc/shadow: not mounted. -# \fBgrep \(aq^umount\(aq /tmp/log\fP +# \fBgrep \[aq]^umount\[aq] /tmp/log\fP umount2("/etc/shadow", 0) = \-1 EINVAL (Invalid argument) .EE .in @@ -1151,9 +1151,9 @@ less privileged mount namespace: .IP .in +4n .EX -# \fBecho \(aqaaaaa\(aq > /tmp/a\fP # File to mount onto /etc/shadow +# \fBecho \[aq]aaaaa\[aq] > /tmp/a\fP # File to mount onto /etc/shadow # \fBunshare \-\-user \-\-map\-root\-user \-\-mount \e\fP - \fBsh \-c \(aqmount \-\-bind /tmp/a /etc/shadow; cat /etc/shadow\(aq\fP + \fBsh \-c \[aq]mount \-\-bind /tmp/a /etc/shadow; cat /etc/shadow\[aq]\fP aaaaa # \fBumount /etc/shadow\fP .EE @@ -1183,7 +1183,7 @@ and a small hierarchy of mounts underneath that mount. .IP .in +4n .EX -$ \fBPS1=\(aqns1# \(aq sudo unshare \-\-user \-\-map\-root\-user \e\fP +$ \fBPS1=\[aq]ns1# \[aq] sudo unshare \-\-user \-\-map\-root\-user \e\fP \fB\-\-mount \-\-propagation private bash\fP ns1# \fBecho $$\fP # We need the PID of this shell later 778501 @@ -1192,7 +1192,7 @@ ns1# \fBmkdir /mnt/x\fP ns1# \fBmount \-\-make\-private \-t tmpfs none /mnt/x\fP ns1# \fBmkdir /mnt/x/y\fP ns1# \fBmount \-\-make\-private \-t tmpfs none /mnt/x/y\fP -ns1# \fBgrep /mnt /proc/self/mountinfo | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +ns1# \fBgrep /mnt /proc/self/mountinfo | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 986 83 8:5 /mnt /mnt rw,relatime shared:344 989 986 0:56 / /mnt/x rw,relatime 990 989 0:57 / /mnt/x/y rw,relatime @@ -1207,9 +1207,9 @@ check the state of the propagated mounts rooted at .IP .in +4n .EX -ns1# \fBPS1=\(aqns2# \(aq unshare \-\-user \-\-map\-root\-user \e\fP +ns1# \fBPS1=\[aq]ns2# \[aq] unshare \-\-user \-\-map\-root\-user \e\fP \fB\-\-mount \-\-propagation unchanged bash\fP -ns2# \fBgrep /mnt /proc/self/mountinfo | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +ns2# \fBgrep /mnt /proc/self/mountinfo | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 1239 1204 8:5 /mnt /mnt rw,relatime master:344 1240 1239 0:56 / /mnt/x rw,relatime 1241 1240 0:57 / /mnt/x/y rw,relatime @@ -1233,9 +1233,9 @@ at the location .IP .in +4n .EX -$ \fBPS1=\(aqns3# \(aq sudo nsenter \-t 778501 \-\-user \-\-mount\fP +$ \fBPS1=\[aq]ns3# \[aq] sudo nsenter \-t 778501 \-\-user \-\-mount\fP ns3# \fBmount \-\-rbind \-\-make\-private /mnt/x /mnt/ppp\fP -ns3# \fBgrep /mnt /proc/self/mountinfo | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +ns3# \fBgrep /mnt /proc/self/mountinfo | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 986 83 8:5 /mnt /mnt rw,relatime shared:344 989 986 0:56 / /mnt/x rw,relatime 990 989 0:57 / /mnt/x/y rw,relatime @@ -1254,7 +1254,7 @@ as can be verified by executing the following command in that shell session: .IP .in +4n .EX -ns2# \fBgrep /mnt /proc/self/mountinfo | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP +ns2# \fBgrep /mnt /proc/self/mountinfo | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP 1239 1204 8:5 /mnt /mnt rw,relatime master:344 1240 1239 0:56 / /mnt/x rw,relatime 1241 1240 0:57 / /mnt/x/y rw,relatime @@ -1277,7 +1277,7 @@ as shown by the following commands: .EX ns2# \fBumount /mnt/ppp/y\fP umount: /mnt/ppp/y: not mounted. -ns2# \fBumount \-l /mnt/ppp | sed \(aqs/ \- .*//\(aq\fP # Succeeds... +ns2# \fBumount \-l /mnt/ppp | sed \[aq]s/ \- .*//\[aq]\fP # Succeeds... ns2# \fBgrep /mnt /proc/self/mountinfo\fP 1239 1204 8:5 /mnt /mnt rw,relatime master:344 1240 1239 0:56 / /mnt/x rw,relatime diff --git a/man7/namespaces.7 b/man7/namespaces.7 index 9bb310a7db..e82bb4d154 100644 --- a/man7/namespaces.7 +++ b/man7/namespaces.7 @@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ supports being manipulated by .PP .in +4n .EX -$ \fBls \-l /proc/$$/ns | awk \(aq{print $1, $9, $10, $11}\(aq\fP +$ \fBls \-l /proc/$$/ns | awk \[aq]{print $1, $9, $10, $11}\[aq]\fP total 0 lrwxrwxrwx. cgroup \-> cgroup:[4026531835] lrwxrwxrwx. ipc \-> ipc:[4026531839] diff --git a/man7/packet.7 b/man7/packet.7 index 8fae8232be..c427619988 100644 --- a/man7/packet.7 +++ b/man7/packet.7 @@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ which is 16 bytes and describes the system limit for a network interface name. This means the names of network devices longer than 14 bytes will be truncated to fit into .IR spkt_device . -All these lengths include the terminating null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq)). +All these lengths include the terminating null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq])). .PP Issues from this with old code typically show up with very long interface names used by the diff --git a/man7/path_resolution.7 b/man7/path_resolution.7 index 5c44ae03ba..ec9524d289 100644 --- a/man7/path_resolution.7 +++ b/man7/path_resolution.7 @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ path_resolution \- how a pathname is resolved to a file Some UNIX/Linux system calls have as parameter one or more filenames. A filename (or pathname) is resolved as follows. .SS Step 1: start of the resolution process -If the pathname starts with the \(aq/\(aq character, the starting lookup +If the pathname starts with the \[aq]/\[aq] character, the starting lookup directory is the root directory of the calling process. A process inherits its root directory from its parent. Usually this will be the root directory of the file hierarchy. @@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ it\(emor one of its ancestors\(emwas started by an invocation of the system call that had the .B CLONE_NEWNS flag set. -This handles the \(aq/\(aq part of the pathname. +This handles the \[aq]/\[aq] part of the pathname. .PP -If the pathname does not start with the \(aq/\(aq character, the starting +If the pathname does not start with the \[aq]/\[aq] character, the starting lookup directory of the resolution process is the current working directory of the process \(em or in the case of .BR openat (2)-style @@ -45,12 +45,12 @@ be changed by use of the .BR chdir (2) system call. .PP -Pathnames starting with a \(aq/\(aq character are called absolute pathnames. -Pathnames not starting with a \(aq/\(aq are called relative pathnames. +Pathnames starting with a \[aq]/\[aq] character are called absolute pathnames. +Pathnames not starting with a \[aq]/\[aq] are called relative pathnames. .SS Step 2: walk along the path Set the current lookup directory to the starting lookup directory. Now, for each nonfinal component of the pathname, where a component -is a substring delimited by \(aq/\(aq characters, this component is looked up +is a substring delimited by \[aq]/\[aq] characters, this component is looked up in the current lookup directory. .PP If the process does not have search permission on @@ -159,12 +159,12 @@ with the .B RESOLVE_NO_XDEV flag set (though note that this also restricts bind mount traversal). .SS Trailing slashes -If a pathname ends in a \(aq/\(aq, that forces resolution of the preceding +If a pathname ends in a \[aq]/\[aq], that forces resolution of the preceding component as in Step 2: the component preceding the slash either exists and resolves to a directory or it names a directory that is to be created immediately after the pathname is resolved. -Otherwise, a trailing \(aq/\(aq is ignored. +Otherwise, a trailing \[aq]/\[aq] is ignored. .SS Final symbolic link If the last component of a pathname is a symbolic link, then it depends on the system call whether the file referred to will be diff --git a/man7/pthreads.7 b/man7/pthreads.7 index ff671af929..aa00c50bcd 100644 --- a/man7/pthreads.7 +++ b/man7/pthreads.7 @@ -865,8 +865,8 @@ be sufficient to determine the default threading implementation: .PP .in +4n .EX -bash$ $( ldd /bin/ls | grep libc.so | awk \(aq{print $3}\(aq ) | \e - egrep \-i \(aqthreads|nptl\(aq +bash$ $( ldd /bin/ls | grep libc.so | awk \[aq]{print $3}\[aq] ) | \e + egrep \-i \[aq]threads|nptl\[aq] Native POSIX Threads Library by Ulrich Drepper et al .EE .in @@ -889,7 +889,7 @@ For example: .in +4n .EX bash$ $( LD_ASSUME_KERNEL=2.2.5 ldd /bin/ls | grep libc.so | \e - awk \(aq{print $3}\(aq ) | egrep \-i \(aqthreads|nptl\(aq + awk \[aq]{print $3}\[aq] ) | egrep \-i \[aq]threads|nptl\[aq] linuxthreads\-0.10 by Xavier Leroy .EE .in diff --git a/man7/regex.7 b/man7/regex.7 index 4c130954e1..f313f7e024 100644 --- a/man7/regex.7 +++ b/man7/regex.7 @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ POSIX.2 leaves some aspects of RE syntax and semantics open; may not be fully portable to other POSIX.2 implementations. .PP A (modern) RE is one\*(dg or more nonempty\*(dg \fIbranches\fR, -separated by \(aq|\(aq. +separated by \[aq]|\[aq]. It matches anything that matches one of the branches. .PP A branch is one\*(dg or more \fIpieces\fR, concatenated. @@ -62,18 +62,18 @@ It matches a match for the first, followed by a match for the second, and so on. .PP A piece is an \fIatom\fR possibly followed -by a single\*(dg \(aq*\(aq, \(aq+\(aq, \(aq?\(aq, or \fIbound\fR. -An atom followed by \(aq*\(aq +by a single\*(dg \[aq]*\[aq], \[aq]+\[aq], \[aq]?\[aq], or \fIbound\fR. +An atom followed by \[aq]*\[aq] matches a sequence of 0 or more matches of the atom. -An atom followed by \(aq+\(aq +An atom followed by \[aq]+\[aq] matches a sequence of 1 or more matches of the atom. -An atom followed by \(aq?\(aq +An atom followed by \[aq]?\[aq] matches a sequence of 0 or 1 matches of the atom. .PP -A \fIbound\fR is \(aq{\(aq followed by an unsigned decimal integer, -possibly followed by \(aq,\(aq +A \fIbound\fR is \[aq]{\[aq] followed by an unsigned decimal integer, +possibly followed by \[aq],\[aq] possibly followed by another unsigned decimal integer, -always followed by \(aq}\(aq. +always followed by \[aq]}\[aq]. The integers must lie between 0 and .B RE_DUP_MAX (255\*(dg) inclusive, @@ -91,26 +91,26 @@ a sequence of \fIi\fR through \fIj\fR (inclusive) matches of the atom. An atom is a regular expression enclosed in "\fI()\fP" (matching a match for the regular expression), an empty set of "\fI()\fP" (matching the null string)\*(dg, -a \fIbracket expression\fR (see below), \(aq.\(aq -(matching any single character), \(aq\(ha\(aq (matching the null string at the -beginning of a line), \(aq$\(aq (matching the null string at the -end of a line), a \(aq\e\(aq followed by one of the characters +a \fIbracket expression\fR (see below), \[aq].\[aq] +(matching any single character), \[aq]\(ha\[aq] (matching the null string at the +beginning of a line), \[aq]$\[aq] (matching the null string at the +end of a line), a \[aq]\e\[aq] followed by one of the characters "\fI\(ha.[$()|*+?{\e\fP" (matching that character taken as an ordinary character), -a \(aq\e\(aq followed by any other character\*(dg +a \[aq]\e\[aq] followed by any other character\*(dg (matching that character taken as an ordinary character, -as if the \(aq\e\(aq had not been present\*(dg), +as if the \[aq]\e\[aq] had not been present\*(dg), or a single character with no other significance (matching that character). -A \(aq{\(aq followed by a character other than a digit is an ordinary +A \[aq]{\[aq] followed by a character other than a digit is an ordinary character, not the beginning of a bound\*(dg. -It is illegal to end an RE with \(aq\e\(aq. +It is illegal to end an RE with \[aq]\e\[aq]. .PP A \fIbracket expression\fR is a list of characters enclosed in "\fI[]\fP". It normally matches any single character from the list (but see below). -If the list begins with \(aq\(ha\(aq, +If the list begins with \[aq]\(ha\[aq], it matches any single character (but see below) \fInot\fR from the rest of the list. -If two characters in the list are separated by \(aq\-\(aq, this is shorthand +If two characters in the list are separated by \[aq]\-\[aq], this is shorthand for the full \fIrange\fR of characters between those two (inclusive) in the collating sequence, for example, "\fI[0\-9]\fP" in ASCII matches any decimal digit. @@ -119,15 +119,15 @@ endpoint, for example, "\fIa\-c\-e\fP". Ranges are very collating-sequence-dependent, and portable programs should avoid relying on them. .PP -To include a literal \(aq]\(aq in the list, make it the first character -(following a possible \(aq\(ha\(aq). -To include a literal \(aq\-\(aq, make it the first or last character, +To include a literal \[aq]]\[aq] in the list, make it the first character +(following a possible \[aq]\(ha\[aq]). +To include a literal \[aq]\-\[aq], make it the first or last character, or the second endpoint of a range. -To use a literal \(aq\-\(aq as the first endpoint of a range, +To use a literal \[aq]\-\[aq] as the first endpoint of a range, enclose it in "\fI[.\fP" and "\fI.]\fP" to make it a collating element (see below). -With the exception of these and some combinations using \(aq[\(aq (see next -paragraphs), all other special characters, including \(aq\e\(aq, lose their +With the exception of these and some combinations using \[aq][\[aq] (see next +paragraphs), all other special characters, including \[aq]\e\[aq], lose their special significance within a bracket expression. .PP Within a bracket expression, a collating element (a character, @@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ alphabet. When an alphabetic that exists in multiple cases appears as an ordinary character outside a bracket expression, it is effectively transformed into a bracket expression containing both cases, -for example, \(aqx\(aq becomes "\fI[xX]\fP". +for example, \[aq]x\[aq] becomes "\fI[xX]\fP". When it appears inside a bracket expression, all case counterparts of it are added to the bracket expression, so that, for example, "\fI[x]\fP" becomes "\fI[xX]\fP" and "\fI[\(hax]\fP" becomes "\fI[\(haxX]\fP". @@ -236,23 +236,23 @@ as an implementation can refuse to accept such REs and remain POSIX-compliant. .PP Obsolete ("basic") regular expressions differ in several respects. -\(aq|\(aq, \(aq+\(aq, and \(aq?\(aq are +\[aq]|\[aq], \[aq]+\[aq], and \[aq]?\[aq] are ordinary characters and there is no equivalent for their functionality. The delimiters for bounds are "\fI\e{\fP" and "\fI\e}\fP", -with \(aq{\(aq and \(aq}\(aq by themselves ordinary characters. +with \[aq]{\[aq] and \[aq]}\[aq] by themselves ordinary characters. The parentheses for nested subexpressions are "\fI\e(\fP" and "\fI\e)\fP", -with \(aq(\(aq and \(aq)\(aq by themselves ordinary characters. -\(aq\(ha\(aq is an ordinary character except at the beginning of the +with \[aq](\[aq] and \[aq])\[aq] by themselves ordinary characters. +\[aq]\(ha\[aq] is an ordinary character except at the beginning of the RE or\*(dg the beginning of a parenthesized subexpression, -\(aq$\(aq is an ordinary character except at the end of the +\[aq]$\[aq] is an ordinary character except at the end of the RE or\*(dg the end of a parenthesized subexpression, -and \(aq*\(aq is an ordinary character if it appears at the beginning of the +and \[aq]*\[aq] is an ordinary character if it appears at the beginning of the RE or the beginning of a parenthesized subexpression -(after a possible leading \(aq\(ha\(aq). +(after a possible leading \[aq]\(ha\[aq]). .PP Finally, there is one new type of atom, a \fIback reference\fR: -\(aq\e\(aq followed by a nonzero decimal digit \fId\fR +\[aq]\e\[aq] followed by a nonzero decimal digit \fId\fR matches the same sequence of characters matched by the \fId\fRth parenthesized subexpression (numbering subexpressions by the positions of their opening parentheses, @@ -261,8 +261,8 @@ so that, for example, "\fI\e([bc]\e)\e1\fP" matches "bb" or "cc" but not "bc". .SH BUGS Having two kinds of REs is a botch. .PP -The current POSIX.2 spec says that \(aq)\(aq is an ordinary character in -the absence of an unmatched \(aq(\(aq; +The current POSIX.2 spec says that \[aq])\[aq] is an ordinary character in +the absence of an unmatched \[aq](\[aq]; this was an unintentional result of a wording error, and change is likely. Avoid relying on it. diff --git a/man7/sock_diag.7 b/man7/sock_diag.7 index 0f5d4b80e3..e75dc4d1a0 100644 --- a/man7/sock_diag.7 +++ b/man7/sock_diag.7 @@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ print_diag(const struct unix_diag_msg *diag, unsigned int len) if (path_len > sizeof(path) \- 1) path_len = sizeof(path) \- 1; memcpy(path, RTA_DATA(attr), path_len); - path[path_len] = \(aq\e0\(aq; + path[path_len] = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; } break; @@ -726,7 +726,7 @@ print_diag(const struct unix_diag_msg *diag, unsigned int len) printf(", name=%s%s", *path ? "" : "@", *path ? path : path + 1); - putchar(\(aq\en\(aq); + putchar(\[aq]\en\[aq]); return 0; } diff --git a/man7/string_copying.7 b/man7/string_copying.7 index cb5246e1bf..55e63aa144 100644 --- a/man7/string_copying.7 +++ b/man7/string_copying.7 @@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ puts(buf); .TP .BR strncat (3) .EX -buf[0] = \(aq\e0\(aq; // There's no 'cpy' function to this 'cat'. +buf[0] = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; // There's no 'cpy' function to this 'cat'. strncat(buf, "Hello ", 6); strncat(buf, "world", 42); // Padding null bytes ignored. strncat(buf, "!", 1); @@ -755,18 +755,18 @@ char * { char *p; - if (src[strlen(src)] != \(aq\e0\(aq) + if (src[strlen(src)] != \[aq]\e0\[aq]) raise(SIGSEGV); if (dst == end) return end; - p = memccpy(dst, src, \(aq\e0\(aq, end \- dst); + p = memccpy(dst, src, \[aq]\e0\[aq], end \- dst); if (p != NULL) return p \- 1; /* truncation detected */ - end[\-1] = \(aq\e0\(aq; + end[\-1] = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; return end; } @@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ char * char *p; p = zustr2ustp(dst, src, sz); - *p = \(aq\e0\(aq; + *p = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; return p; } @@ -803,7 +803,7 @@ char * char *p; p = ustpcpy(dst, src, len); - *p = \(aq\e0\(aq; + *p = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; return p; } diff --git a/man7/system_data_types.7 b/man7/system_data_types.7 index 134175c33c..3ab3e1d844 100644 --- a/man7/system_data_types.7 +++ b/man7/system_data_types.7 @@ -295,15 +295,15 @@ main (void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - /* Copy the value to the suseconds_t variable \(aqus\(aq. */ + /* Copy the value to the suseconds_t variable \[aq]us\[aq]. */ us = tmp; - /* Even though suseconds_t can hold the value \-1, this isn\(aqt + /* Even though suseconds_t can hold the value \-1, this isn\[aq]t a sensible number of microseconds. */ if (us < 0) { - fprintf(stderr, "Scanned value shouldn\(aqt be negative!\en"); + fprintf(stderr, "Scanned value shouldn\[aq]t be negative!\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } diff --git a/man7/units.7 b/man7/units.7 index efb20cf682..7f9688caf2 100644 --- a/man7/units.7 +++ b/man7/units.7 @@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ The symbol for micro is the Greek letter mu, often written u in an ASCII context where this Greek letter is not available. .SS Binary prefixes The binary prefixes resemble the decimal ones, -but have an additional \(aqi\(aq -(and "Ki" starts with a capital \(aqK\(aq). +but have an additional \[aq]i\[aq] +(and "Ki" starts with a capital \[aq]K\[aq]). The names are formed by taking the first syllable of the names of the decimal prefix with roughly the same size, followed by "bi" for "binary". diff --git a/man7/unix.7 b/man7/unix.7 index b290117fcc..d65ae000ab 100644 --- a/man7/unix.7 +++ b/man7/unix.7 @@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ abstract an abstract socket address is distinguished (from a pathname socket) by the fact that .I sun_path[0] -is a null byte (\(aq\e0\(aq). +is a null byte (\[aq]\e0\[aq]). The socket's address in this namespace is given by the additional bytes in .I sun_path diff --git a/man7/uri.7 b/man7/uri.7 index 2210b86e1d..2767d9f12d 100644 --- a/man7/uri.7 +++ b/man7/uri.7 @@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ Note that descendants of MS-DOS (e.g., Microsoft Windows) replace devicename colons with the vertical bar ("|") in URIs, so "C:" becomes "C|". .PP A fragment identifier, if included, refers to a particular named portion -(fragment) of a resource; text after a \(aq#\(aq identifies the fragment. -A URI beginning with \(aq#\(aq refers to that fragment in the current resource. +(fragment) of a resource; text after a \[aq]#\[aq] identifies the fragment. +A URI beginning with \[aq]#\[aq] refers to that fragment in the current resource. .SS Usage There are many different URI schemes, each with specific additional rules and meanings, but they are intentionally made to be @@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ extensions a comma-separated list of type=value pairs, where the =value portion may be omitted for options not requiring it. -An extension prefixed with a \(aq!\(aq is critical +An extension prefixed with a \[aq]!\[aq] is critical (must be supported to be valid), otherwise it is noncritical (optional). .PP LDAP queries are easiest to explain by example. diff --git a/man7/user_namespaces.7 b/man7/user_namespaces.7 index 73d8a4eb83..90daf5407b 100644 --- a/man7/user_namespaces.7 +++ b/man7/user_namespaces.7 @@ -1087,7 +1087,7 @@ and group ID .PP .in +4n .EX -$ \fB./userns_child_exec \-p \-m \-U \-M \(aq0 1000 1\(aq \-G \(aq0 1000 1\(aq bash\fP +$ \fB./userns_child_exec \-p \-m \-U \-M \[aq]0 1000 1\[aq] \-G \[aq]0 1000 1\[aq] bash\fP .EE .in .PP @@ -1122,10 +1122,10 @@ and a full set of permitted and effective capabilities: .PP .in +4n .EX -bash$ \fBcat /proc/$$/status | egrep \(aq\(ha[UG]id\(aq\fP +bash$ \fBcat /proc/$$/status | egrep \[aq]\(ha[UG]id\[aq]\fP Uid: 0 0 0 0 Gid: 0 0 0 0 -bash$ \fBcat /proc/$$/status | egrep \(aq\(haCap(Prm|Inh|Eff)\(aq\fP +bash$ \fBcat /proc/$$/status | egrep \[aq]\(haCap(Prm|Inh|Eff)\[aq]\fP CapInh: 0000000000000000 CapPrm: 0000001fffffffff CapEff: 0000001fffffffff @@ -1180,8 +1180,8 @@ usage(char *pname) fpe("\-U New user namespace\en"); fpe("\-M uid_map Specify UID map for user namespace\en"); fpe("\-G gid_map Specify GID map for user namespace\en"); - fpe("\-z Map user\(aqs UID and GID to 0 in user namespace\en"); - fpe(" (equivalent to: \-M \(aq0 <uid> 1\(aq \-G \(aq0 <gid> 1\(aq)\en"); + fpe("\-z Map user\[aq]s UID and GID to 0 in user namespace\en"); + fpe(" (equivalent to: \-M \[aq]0 <uid> 1\[aq] \-G \[aq]0 <gid> 1\[aq])\en"); fpe("\-v Display verbose messages\en"); fpe("\en"); fpe("If \-z, \-M, or \-G is specified, \-U is required.\en"); @@ -1199,8 +1199,8 @@ usage(char *pname) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } -/* Update the mapping file \(aqmap_file\(aq, with the value provided in - \(aqmapping\(aq, a string that defines a UID or GID mapping. A UID or +/* Update the mapping file \[aq]map_file\[aq], with the value provided in + \[aq]mapping\[aq], a string that defines a UID or GID mapping. A UID or GID mapping consists of one or more newline\-delimited records of the form: @@ -1215,14 +1215,14 @@ static void update_map(char *mapping, char *map_file) { int fd; - size_t map_len; /* Length of \(aqmapping\(aq */ + size_t map_len; /* Length of \[aq]mapping\[aq] */ /* Replace commas in mapping string with newlines. */ map_len = strlen(mapping); for (size_t j = 0; j < map_len; j++) - if (mapping[j] == \(aq,\(aq) - mapping[j] = \(aq\en\(aq; + if (mapping[j] == \[aq],\[aq]) + mapping[j] = \[aq]\en\[aq]; fd = open(map_file, O_RDWR); if (fd == \-1) { @@ -1241,10 +1241,10 @@ update_map(char *mapping, char *map_file) } /* Linux 3.19 made a change in the handling of setgroups(2) and the - \(aqgid_map\(aq file to address a security issue. The issue allowed + \[aq]gid_map\[aq] file to address a security issue. The issue allowed *unprivileged* users to employ user namespaces in order to drop groups. The upshot of the 3.19 changes is that in order to update the - \(aqgid_maps\(aq file, use of the setgroups() system call in this + \[aq]gid_maps\[aq] file, use of the setgroups() system call in this user namespace must first be disabled by writing "deny" to one of the /proc/PID/setgroups files for this namespace. That is the purpose of the following function. */ @@ -1261,11 +1261,11 @@ proc_setgroups_write(pid_t child_pid, char *str) fd = open(setgroups_path, O_RDWR); if (fd == \-1) { - /* We may be on a system that doesn\(aqt support - /proc/PID/setgroups. In that case, the file won\(aqt exist, - and the system won\(aqt impose the restrictions that Linux 3.19 - added. That\(aqs fine: we don\(aqt need to do anything in order - to permit \(aqgid_map\(aq to be updated. + /* We may be on a system that doesn\[aq]t support + /proc/PID/setgroups. In that case, the file won\[aq]t exist, + and the system won\[aq]t impose the restrictions that Linux 3.19 + added. That\[aq]s fine: we don\[aq]t need to do anything in order + to permit \[aq]gid_map\[aq] to be updated. However, if the error from open() was something other than the ENOENT error that is expected for that case, let the @@ -1315,7 +1315,7 @@ childFunc(void *arg) #define STACK_SIZE (1024 * 1024) -static char child_stack[STACK_SIZE]; /* Space for child\(aqs stack */ +static char child_stack[STACK_SIZE]; /* Space for child\[aq]s stack */ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) @@ -1328,11 +1328,11 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) char map_buf[MAP_BUF_SIZE]; char map_path[PATH_MAX]; - /* Parse command\-line options. The initial \(aq+\(aq character in + /* Parse command\-line options. The initial \[aq]+\[aq] character in the final getopt() argument prevents GNU\-style permutation - of command\-line options. That\(aqs useful, since sometimes - the \(aqcommand\(aq to be executed by this program itself - has command\-line options. We don\(aqt want getopt() to treat + of command\-line options. That\[aq]s useful, since sometimes + the \[aq]command\[aq] to be executed by this program itself + has command\-line options. We don\[aq]t want getopt() to treat those as options to this program. */ flags = 0; @@ -1342,16 +1342,16 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) map_zero = 0; while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "+imnpuUM:G:zv")) != \-1) { switch (opt) { - case \(aqi\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWIPC; break; - case \(aqm\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWNS; break; - case \(aqn\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWNET; break; - case \(aqp\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWPID; break; - case \(aqu\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWUTS; break; - case \(aqv\(aq: verbose = 1; break; - case \(aqz\(aq: map_zero = 1; break; - case \(aqM\(aq: uid_map = optarg; break; - case \(aqG\(aq: gid_map = optarg; break; - case \(aqU\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWUSER; break; + case \[aq]i\[aq]: flags |= CLONE_NEWIPC; break; + case \[aq]m\[aq]: flags |= CLONE_NEWNS; break; + case \[aq]n\[aq]: flags |= CLONE_NEWNET; break; + case \[aq]p\[aq]: flags |= CLONE_NEWPID; break; + case \[aq]u\[aq]: flags |= CLONE_NEWUTS; break; + case \[aq]v\[aq]: verbose = 1; break; + case \[aq]z\[aq]: map_zero = 1; break; + case \[aq]M\[aq]: uid_map = optarg; break; + case \[aq]G\[aq]: gid_map = optarg; break; + case \[aq]U\[aq]: flags |= CLONE_NEWUSER; break; default: usage(argv[0]); } } @@ -1369,11 +1369,11 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) ensure that the parent sets the UID and GID maps before the child calls execve(). This ensures that the child maintains its capabilities during the execve() in the common case where we - want to map the child\(aqs effective user ID to 0 in the new user + want to map the child\[aq]s effective user ID to 0 in the new user namespace. Without this synchronization, the child would lose its capabilities if it performed an execve() with nonzero user IDs (see the capabilities(7) man page for details of the - transformation of a process\(aqs capabilities during execve()). */ + transformation of a process\[aq]s capabilities during execve()). */ if (pipe(args.pipe_fd) == \-1) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "pipe"); diff --git a/man7/utf-8.7 b/man7/utf-8.7 index 5d737011f9..01e1907181 100644 --- a/man7/utf-8.7 +++ b/man7/utf-8.7 @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ The most obvious Unicode encoding (known as UCS-2) consists of a sequence of 16-bit words. Such strings can contain\(emas part of many 16-bit characters\(embytes -such as \(aq\e0\(aq or \(aq/\(aq, which have a +such as \[aq]\e0\[aq] or \[aq]/\[aq], which have a special meaning in filenames and other C library function arguments. In addition, the majority of UNIX tools expect ASCII files and can't read 16-bit words as characters without major modifications. @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ UTF-8 . All UCS characters greater than 0x7f are encoded as a multibyte sequence consisting only of bytes in the range 0x80 to 0xfd, so no ASCII byte can appear as part of another character and there are no -problems with, for example, \(aq\e0\(aq or \(aq/\(aq. +problems with, for example, \[aq]\e0\[aq] or \[aq]/\[aq]. .TP * The lexicographic sorting order of UCS-4 strings is preserved. diff --git a/man7/vdso.7 b/man7/vdso.7 index 9f47efc7dd..2cb3b96361 100644 --- a/man7/vdso.7 +++ b/man7/vdso.7 @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ You will frequently find it under the architecture-specific directory: .PP .in +4n .EX -find arch/$ARCH/ \-name \(aq*vdso*.so*\(aq \-o \-name \(aq*gate*.so*\(aq +find arch/$ARCH/ \-name \[aq]*vdso*.so*\[aq] \-o \-name \[aq]*gate*.so*\[aq] .EE .in .\" @@ -607,6 +607,6 @@ Documentation/ABI/stable/vdso Documentation/ia64/fsys.txt Documentation/vDSO/* (includes examples of using the vDSO) -find arch/ \-iname \(aq*vdso*\(aq \-o \-iname \(aq*gate*\(aq +find arch/ \-iname \[aq]*vdso*\[aq] \-o \-iname \[aq]*gate*\[aq] .EE .in diff --git a/man7/x25.7 b/man7/x25.7 index 20fb661697..9cebe7cf2b 100644 --- a/man7/x25.7 +++ b/man7/x25.7 @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ to be interpreted as a null-terminated string. .I sx25_addr.x25_addr[] consists of up to 15 (not counting the terminating null byte) ASCII characters forming the X.121 address. -Only the decimal digit characters from \(aq0\(aq to \(aq9\(aq are allowed. +Only the decimal digit characters from \[aq]0\[aq] to \[aq]9\[aq] are allowed. .SS Socket options The following X.25-specific socket options can be set by using .BR setsockopt (2) diff --git a/man8/ld.so.8 b/man8/ld.so.8 index 846a34b853..9c2ec807de 100644 --- a/man8/ld.so.8 +++ b/man8/ld.so.8 @@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ could be compiled with .IP .in +4n .EX -gcc \-Wl,\-rpath,\(aq$ORIGIN/../lib\(aq +gcc \-Wl,\-rpath,\[aq]$ORIGIN/../lib\[aq] .EE .in .IP @@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ subdirectory below the directory containing the program to be executed: .IP .in +4n .EX -$ \fBLD_LIBRARY_PATH=\(aq$ORIGIN/$LIB\(aq prog\fP +$ \fBLD_LIBRARY_PATH=\[aq]$ORIGIN/$LIB\[aq] prog\fP .EE .in .IP |