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Channel One (Russia)

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Not to be confused with Public Television of Russia or Russia-1.

Channel One
Первый канал
Logo used since 2000
CountryRussia
Broadcast areaWorldwide
HeadquartersOstankino Technical Center, Moscow, Russia
Programming
LanguageRussian
Picture format1080i HDTV
(downscaled to 576i for the SDTV feed) 4K (during World Cup 2018)
Ownership
Owner(in 2023)
Government of Russia (34.23%)
VTB Bank (32.89%)
National Media Group (19.46%)
Sogaz (13.42%)[1]
Key peopleKonstantin Ernst, CEO
Sister channels
History
Launched22 March 1951; 75 years ago (1951-03-22) (original channel) 1 April 1995; 31 years ago (1995-04-01) (as present)
ReplacedOstankino Channel One
Replaced byInter (1996, in Ukraine)
Channel One Eurasia (1997, in Kazakhstan)
ONT (2002, in Belarus)
Former namesORT (1995–2002)
Links
Websitewww.1tv.ru (Russian)
www.1tv.com (Russian)
Availability
Terrestrial
Digital terrestrial televisionChannel 1
Streaming media
Channel One internet broadcastwww.1tv.ru/live

Channel One (Russian: Первый канал, romanized: Pervyy kanal, IPA: [ˈpʲervɨj kɐˈnal], lit. 'First Channel') is a Russian federal television channel.[2] Its headquarters are located at Ostankino Technical Center near the Ostankino Tower in Moscow. The majority of its shares are owned or indirectly controlled by the state.[3][4]

It was created by decree of Russian president Boris Yeltsin to replace Ostankino Television Channel One, which in turn replaced Programme One in 1991.[5]

From April 1995 to September 2002, the channel was known as Public Russian Television (Russian: Общественное Российское Телевидение, romanized: Obshchestvennoye Rossiyskoye Televideniye, ORT [oˈɛrˈtɛ]).[5] The main news programmes are Vremya and Novosti.[6]

Channel One's main competitors are the Russia-1, NTV, 5TV and TV Centre channels. The channel has over 2,900 employees as of 2023.[7]

History

[edit]
For the history of this channel before 1995, see Television in the Soviet Union, Soviet Central Television, and 1st channel Ostankino.

When the Soviet Union was abolished, the Russian Federation took over most of its structures and institutions. One of the first acts of Boris Yeltsin's new government was to sign a presidential decree on 27 December 1991, providing for Russian jurisdiction over the central television system. The All-Union State Television and Radio Company (Gosteleradio) was transformed into the Russian State Television and Radio Company Ostankino, a shareholding company, with 51% of its shares remaining with the state.[8]

Boris Abramovich Berezovsky, a Russian oligarch, gained control over ORT Television to replace the failing Programme One. He appointed the popular anchorman and producer Vladislav Listyev as the CEO of ORT. Three months later Listyev was assassinated amid a fierce struggle for control of advertising sales.[9][10]

A presidential decree of 30 November 1994 transformed Ostankino into a closed joint-stock company, called Russian Public Television (Obshchestvennoe Rossiyskoye Televidenie, or ORT). The shares were distributed between state agencies (51%) and private shareholders, including numerous banks (49%). The partial privatization was inspired by the intolerable financial situation of Ostankino owing to huge transmission costs and a bloated payroll (total staff of about 10,000 in early 1995). In February 1995, the channel announced it would stop airing commercial advertising which was seen by network executives as a "source of great irritation and disappointment". It wasn't clear when the law would be passed; its lifting depended on the introduction of new advertising rules.[11] After the fallout from Listyev's death on 1 March, Alexander Yakovlev resigned from his post as chairman, as the channel was facing an uncertain future on the verge of becoming ORT.[12]

Following the 1998 financial collapse, which almost resulted in them becoming insolvent, the channel obtained a government loan of $100 million from state-controlled Vnesheconombank.[13] Also in 1998, the closed joint stock company was transformed into an open stock company. However, controlling votes on the board of directors remained in the hands of structures linked to then-Kremlin-connected businessman Boris Berezovsky. Thanks to this state of affairs, Berezovsky was able to preserve control over the channel's cash flows as well as over its editorial line until 2000.

From 1 April 1995 to late 2002, the channel was called ORT (ОРТ—Общественное Российское Телевидение, Obshchestvennoye Rossiyskoye Televideniye; Public Russian Television). It maintained the traditional programs and shows of the First Channel of the Soviet Television (RTO), such as Vremya, KVN, Chto? Gde? Kogda?, V mire zhivotnykh and Travelers' Club; the last two are no longer broadcast on this channel.

Channel One was the host broadcaster of Eurovision Song Contest 2009, announced in December 2008.[14]

On 8 May 2022, the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the United States Department of the Treasury placed sanctions on Channel One Russia pursuant to Executive Order 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, the Government of Russia.[15][16]

In November 2024, the German government ordered the closure of Channel One's local bureau in Berlin and expelled its employees, citing security threats to the European Union and the channel's role in the formation of public opinion.[17]

Broadcasting

[edit]

The main broadcasting center is in Ostankino Tower, Moscow. In September 2008, the channel installed new digital audio mixing systems in their new state-of-the-art broadcast complex located in the Ostankino Television Technical Centre in Moscow. The new Channel One news facility opened in March 2008 and features advanced server technology with equipment from manufacturers such as Evertz.[18] Channel One began broadcasting a 1080i high-definition signal on 24 December 2012.[19]

At the end of 2018, a separate feed of Channel One's schedule was launched for each of the eleven time zones of Russia.[20] Previously, there had been only five feeds for the entire country—one operating on Moscow Time and variations time-shifted ahead by two, four, six, and eight hours. This caused programming in some time zones to air one hour earlier or later than the time specified in schedules.[21]

Channel One can be streamed on the internet for free on 1tv.ru for viewers in Russia and 1tv.com is for international viewers, though most programs of the Russian version of the channel can be seen internationally too.

Production

[edit]

Channel One has produced many films, including four of the highest-grossing Russian movies after the Soviet collapse, Night Watch (2004), The Turkish Gambit (2005), Day Watch (2006), and The Irony of Fate 2 (2007). It airs the Russian adaptations of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, Survivor, and Star Factory.

Original programming

[edit]

International series that were broadcasting on Channel One

[edit]
  • American series
  • Brazilian telenovelas
    • Tropicaliente April – December 1995
    • Mulheres de Areia – 3 January July 1996
    • A Próxima Vítima July 1996 – winter 1997
    • O Rei do Gado 1997–1998
    • Anjo mau 1998
    • Avenida Brasil 2013
  • Other

Former International and Russian animated series

[edit]

Anime

[edit]

Walt Disney Presents

[edit]

Editorial independence

[edit]
Vladimir Putin and Konstantin Ernst, chief of Channel One.[25]

A 2024 study found that throughout Putin's tenure as president or prime minister, Channel One has covered him in a positive light.[26]

Political coverage

[edit]
Vladimir Pozner interviews U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton on the "Pozner Show" in Moscow, 19 March 2010

In autumn of 1999 the channel actively participated in that year's State Duma electoral campaign by criticizing Moscow mayor Yuriy Luzhkov, Yevgeny Primakov and their party Fatherland-All Russia, major opponents of the pro-Putin party Unity. Sergey Dorenko, popularly dubbed as TV-killer, was a close ally of business oligarch and media magnate Boris Berezovsky. From September 1999 to September 2000 he hosted the influential weekly program simply called Sergey Dorenko's Program on Saturdays at 9 pm. This was especially heavy on criticism and mercilessly attacked Putin's opponents.[27][28][29]

In August 2000, however, his program criticized how the Putin government handled the explosion of the Russian submarine Kursk. When Dorenko's show was in turn suspended on 9 September 2000, ORT director-general Konstantin Ernst insisted that — contrary to Dorenko's allegations — the government had not been involved in the change. Ernst stated that he yanked the show because Dorenko had defied his orders to stop discussing the government's plan to nationalize Boris Berezovsky's 49-percent stake in the network.[30][31][32]

Berezovsky claims that in 2001 he was forced by the Putin administration to sell his shares. He first tried to sell them to a third party, but failed. A close friend of Berezovsky, Nikolai Glushkov, was arrested while seriously ill, and Berezovsky gave up the shares and transferred them to Roman Abramovich's Sibneft with the understanding that Glushkov would then be released. This promise was not fulfilled.[33][34] Soon after Berezovsky's withdrawal, the new ownership changed the channel's name to Pervy Kanal (Channel One). Konstantin Ernst remains as general director.

Management and shareholders

[edit]

2005

[edit]

According to the inspection[35] conducted by the Accounts Chamber of Russia and initiated by MP Alexander Lebedev, in 2005 the channel had the following shareholders structure and board of directors:

  • Rosimushchestvo – 38.9%;
  • ORT Bank Consortium – 24%;
  • RastrKom 2002 – 14%;
  • EberLink – 11%;
  • ITAR-TASS – 9.1%;
  • TTTs – 3%.
Alexey Gromov (Chairman of the Board of Directors, Press Secretary of President Vladimir Putin)
Konstantin Ernst (Director General of the Channel One)
Alexander Dzasokhov (then President of North Ossetia–Alania)
Galina Karelova (Chairman of Russia's Social Insurance Fund)
Mikhail Lesin (Adviser to President Vladimir Putin, former Mass Media Minister)
Nikita Mikhalkov (President of Russia's Cinematographers Union)
Mikhail Piotrovsky (Director of the State Hermitage Museum)
Ilya Reznik (poet, composer)
Alexander Chaikovsky (Chairman of the Composition Department of Moscow Conservatory)
Mikhail Shvydkoi (Chief of the Federal Agency of Culture and Cinematography, former Culture Minister of Russia)

ORT Bank Consortium, RastrKom 2002 and EberLink (49%) are controlled by Roman Abramovich, while Rosimushchestvo, ITAR-TASS and TTTs vote on behalf of the Russian state (51%).[36]

2006

[edit]

As of 2006, the Board of Directors of the Channel One consisted of:

Sergei Naryshkin (Chairman of the Board of Directors, Minister, Chief of Staff of the Russian Government);
Konstantin Ernst (Director General of the Channel One);
Lyudmila Pridanova (Deputy Head of Rosimushchestvo);
Alexey Gromov (Press Secretary of President Vladimir Putin);
Mikhail Lesin (Adviser to President Vladimir Putin, former Mass Media Minister);
Nikita Mikhalkov (President of Russia's Cinematographers Union);
Mikhail Piotrovsky (Director of the State Hermitage Museum);
Ilya Reznik (poet, composer);
Alexander Chaikovsky (Chairman of the Composition Department of Moscow Conservatory, Rector of Saint Petersburg Conservatory);
Mikhail Shvydkoi (Chief of the Federal Agency of Culture and Cinematography, former Culture Minister of Russia).

2021

[edit]

In 2021, VTB Bank owned 32.89% of shares.[37]

Vladimir Putin's close friend Yuriy Kovalchuk, through his holding company National Media Group, owns stakes in several of Russia's most influential television channels, including Channel One.[38][39]

2023

[edit]

As of 2023, the state owned 34.23% of Channel One, along with a "golden share". VTB Bank controlled 32.89% of the shares, National Media Group owned 19.46%, and Sogaz held a 13.42% stake.[40]

Sister channels

[edit]

Active

[edit]

Channel One owns some digital-only television channels (under brand Channel One Digital TV-family, Цифровое телесемейство Первого канала):

  • Dom Kino (Cinema House) — movies
  • Dom Kino Premium (Cinema House Premium) — movies
  • Muzyka Pervogo (Channel One Music) — music
  • Vremya (Time) — 20th century history
  • Telecafe (Television Café) — food
  • Bobyor (Beaver) — lifestyle
  • O! — family
  • Poyekhali (Let's Go) — travel
  • Karusel (in co-operation with VGTRK) (Carousel) – for children

Defunct

[edit]

Criticism

[edit]

Pro-government bias

[edit]

Critics charge that Channel One's news and information programs are frequently used for propaganda purposes. As Konstantin Ernst stated in his interview to The New Yorker, "it would be strange if a channel that belonged to the state were to express an anti-government point of view".[41] The critics contend that Channel One airs a disproportionate number of stories focusing on positive aspects of official government policy, while largely neglecting certain controversial topics such as war in Chechnya or social problems. In addition, some have argued that the station's news reports often blur the line between factual reporting and editorial commentary, especially when broadcasting stories concerning Russian government policies or goals.

As of 2006, Vladimir Pozner, Ekaterina Andreeva, Pyotr Tolstoy and Mikhail Leontiev are among the most known political journalists of the channel. On Sunday, 28 January 2006, the Channel One news and analytical program Sunday Time (Voskresnoye Vremya) hosted by Petr Tolstoy distorted the content of a speech by Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko related to the Russia-Belarus energy dispute to the contrary by editing it and deleting some crucial words.[42]

Moreover, various media reported that the channel presented biased coverage of other events that were closely connected to Russia's foreign policy, including the Ukrainian elections to the Verkhovna Rada in 2007, the Euromaidan of 2013–2014, and the following annexation of Crimea.[43][44][45] The channel was also criticized for ignoring Alexei Navalny's political activities, namely his participation in the Moscow mayoral election of 2013.[46] Vladimir Pozner, one of the channel's most popular TV hosts, once admitted in an interview to The New Yorker that there is a list of people who are not allowed to participate in his show.[41]

According to a BBC News analysis by Stephen Ennis, the channel has in its reports about Ukraine's war in Donbas "sought to further demonise and dehumanise the Ukrainian army".[47]

Channel One news reports on 16 January 2016 about a 13-year-old girl with German and Russian citizenship in Berlin who was allegedly raped by immigrants was denounced by the German police as fake.[48] German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier has accused the Russian government of using the alleged rape for "political propaganda".[48]

On 26 February 2018, Channel One used footage from multinational military simulation organization Echelon International, attempting to pass it off as authentic Syrian War footage.[49]

On 14 March 2022, Marina Ovsyannikova, an editor for Channel One, interrupted a live broadcast of Vremya to protest against the Russian invasion of Ukraine, carrying a poster stating in a mix of Russian and English: "Stop the war, don't believe the propaganda, here you are being lied to."[50][51][52][53][54]

Original programming on historical themes

[edit]

Some of the television period dramas produced by Channel One were series criticized for low level of historical accuracy, for instance – Brezhnev,[55] The Saboteur,[56] Yesenin[57] and Trotsky.[58]

Cruelty to animals

[edit]

On the morning of 12 January 2008, during the current affairs program Health (Russian: «Здоровье») hosted by Yelena Malysheva covering Guillain–Barré syndrome, a rat was violently killed in one of the segments. Some viewers stated that this was intolerable for a program whose audience includes children, and that it violated the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.[59][60][61][62][63] In particular, some claim that viewing such violent and cruel scenes poorly affected the health of some children and people.[64]

Visual identity

[edit]

Since its inception in 1991, the logo featured a 1 in various designs.

Logo history

[edit]

Its first logo in 1991 featured a blocky "1", with a significantly thinner black square outline. On 1 April 1995, this was replaced with a simple "1" block, with a circle outline, but on 1 October 1995, a logo featuring an italic "1" was launched, with the ОРТ typograph. An alternate version of the 1995 logo had blue and white colors.

On 1 January 1997, another logo featuring a golden italic "1" was launched, with a partial ring and the ОРТ letters now in 3 separate blocks, which was designed by Novocom, along with Igor Barbe. On 1 October 2000, the current logo was launched, featuring a "1" with a partial cut, on a dark blue background. The current logo was designed by ORT Design. With the renaming of "ОРТ" to "Channel One Russia" on 2 September 2002, the idents were changed to match the new network's name; however, the 2000 logo is still used.

  • 27 December 1991 - 31 March 1995
    27 December 1991 - 31 March 1995
  • 1 April - 30 September 1995
    1 April - 30 September 1995
  • 1 October 1995 - 31 December 1996
    1 October 1995 - 31 December 1996
  • Alternate version of the 1995 logo
    Alternate version of the 1995 logo
  • 1 January 1997 - 30 September 2000
    1 January 1997 - 30 September 2000
  • 30 September/1 October 2000 – present
    30 September/1 October 2000 – present

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Media Capture in Russia: An Expensive Venture". Media and Journalism Research Center. 22 June 2023.
  2. ^ Burton & Drake 2004, p. 164.
  3. ^ Noam 2016, p. 286.
  4. ^ Beumers, Hutchings & Rulyova 2008, p. 31.
  5. ^ a b Beumers, Hutchings & Rulyova 2008, pp. 160, 223.
  6. ^ Beumers, Hutchings & Rulyova 2008, pp. 223.
  7. ^ "АО "ПЕРВЫЙ КАНАЛ", ОКПО 40119053". List-Org (in Russian). Retrieved 2 May 2026.
  8. ^ Beumers, Hutchings & Rulyova 2008, p. 160.
  9. ^ "World News Briefs; Russian TV Chief Resigns in Protest". The New York Times. 17 March 1995. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  10. ^ Stanley, Alessandra (3 March 1995). "Celebrity's Killing Stirs Talk of Intrigue in Russia". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  11. ^ "Russia's main TV channel to reject ads". The Straits Times. 22 February 1995. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
  12. ^ "RUSSIAN TV CHIEF QUITS". The Straits Times. 18 March 1995. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
  13. ^ Television in the Russian Federation: Organisational Structure, Program Production and Audience
  14. ^ "Stories - Eurovision Song Contest". Archived from the original on 16 December 2008.
  15. ^ "U.S. Treasury Takes Sweeping Action Against Russia's War Efforts". U.S. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  16. ^ Wright, Sam Fossum, Jasmine (8 May 2022). "US announces sanctions against Kremlin-controlled media companies and bans Russia from using some American consulting services | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved 5 November 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ "Germany orders closure of Russia's Channel One bureau in Berlin". The Star. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2026.
  18. ^ "Russia's Channel One transitions to IP with Evertz". TVBEurope. 5 July 2021. Archived from the original on 16 September 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2026.
  19. ^ "Вещание в HD, онлайн-чат с Алексеем Ефимовым". Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  20. ^ "Первый канал переходит на вещание для всех часовых поясов страны" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. Archived from the original on 7 February 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2026.
  21. ^ "Зоны вещания Первого канала. О компании. Первый канал". 1tv.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 December 2025. Retrieved 7 January 2026.
  22. ^ "Давай поженимся!". 1tv.ru (in Russian).
  23. ^ "Гордонкихот". 1tv.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 December 2008.
  24. ^ "1tvru". Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  25. ^ Cosic, Jelena (8 March 2022). "Canada sanctions 10 Putin allies, including Russia's leading TV propagandists". The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists.
  26. ^ La Lova, Lanabi (2024). "Vladimir Putin on Channel One, 2000–2022". Political Communication. 42 (2): 234–252. doi:10.1080/10584609.2024.2380438. ISSN 1058-4609.
  27. ^ "Russian Elections (transcript)". Jim Lehrer NewsHour, PBS. 17 December 1999. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
  28. ^ Emma Gray (27 March 2000). "Putin's Media War". CPJ Press Freedom Reports. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
  29. ^ A. Petrova (21 September 2000). "TV journalist Sergey Dorenko". The Public Opinion Foundation Database. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
  30. ^ "Russia 2000 Country Report". CPJ. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
  31. ^ Elena Dikun (30 September 2000). "The Kremlin Sets About Cleaning Up the Airwaves". Prism. Archived from the original on 17 October 2006. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
  32. ^ Andrei Zolotov Jr.; Simon Saradzhyan (12 September 2000). "Dorenko Program Has Plug Pulled". The St. Petersburg Times (Russia). No. 602. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
  33. ^ "ORT officials accused of contraband and evading customs tariffs". The Jamestown Foundation Monitor. 3 January 2001. Archived from the original on 22 November 2006. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
  34. ^ Vladimir Pribylovsky; Yuri Felshtinsky. "Опера��ия "Наследник" (Operation 'Heirs')". Штрихи к политическому портрету В. В. Путина (Sketches toward a political portrait of Vladimir Putin) (in Russian). Retrieved 23 April 2008.
  35. ^ S. A. Agaptsov. "Контроль расходов федерального бюджета на здравоохранение, социальную политику и за бюджетами государственных внебюджетных фондов" [Controlling federal budget spending on health, social policy and budgets for state extra-budgetary funds] (in Russian). Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation. Archived from the original on 28 January 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
  36. ^ Vladimir Temniy (20 October 2005). "Электронным СМИ – положительный заряд" [The electronic media — a positive charge] (in Russian). grani.ru. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
  37. ^ "ВТБ стал акционером "Первого канала"". rbc.ru. 8 September 2021.
  38. ^ "Meet The Oligarch Who Whispers In Putin's Ear". Forbes. 18 March 2022.
  39. ^ "Putin cronies and criminals gear up to steal Russia". Japan Times. 14 February 2023.
  40. ^ "Media Capture in Russia: An Expensive Venture". Media and Journalism Research Center. 22 June 2023.
  41. ^ a b Joshua Yaffa (9 December 2019). "The Kremlin's creative director". The New Yorker. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  42. ^ "Как делали провокацию по Лукашенке (ОРТ)" [How they provoked on Lukashenko (ORT)]. for-ua.com (in Russian). Archived from the original on 10 February 2007.; Video (in Russian) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 March 2007.; "Text of original speech" (in Russian). ITAR-TASS. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007.
  43. ^ Арина Бородина (11 April 2007). "Телелидеры 2-8 апреля" (in Russian). Kommersant. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  44. ^ Виктор Степанов (21 November 2014). "Гонят в пропасть" (in Russian). TJournal. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  45. ^ Алексей Токарев, Владимир Тимаков, Павел Казарин (1 December 2014). "Двойная Россия" (in Russian). Kommersant. Retrieved 24 August 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ "Первый канал не указал Навального среди кандидатов в мэры Москвы, сдавших документы в МГИ" (in Russian). mk.ru. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  47. ^ "How Russian TV uses psychology over Ukraine". BBC News. 4 February 2015. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017.
  48. ^ a b Lucian Kim (7 February 2016). "Russia having success in hybrid war against Germany". Archived from the original on 8 February 2016.
  49. ^ Kiseleva, Maria (26 February 2018). "Russian TV Airs Fake Syria War Footage". BBC.
  50. ^ "Russia-Ukraine war: Marina Ovsyannikova interrupts Russian show". Al Jazeera. 15 March 2022.
  51. ^ "'They're lying to you': Russian TV employee interrupts news broadcast and television channel". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  52. ^ Ilyushina, Mary; Knowles, Hannah (14 March 2022). "Employee bursts onto live Russian state TV to denounce war: 'They are lying to you here'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  53. ^ Stelter, Brian (12 April 2022). "Why Russian TV propaganda is crucial to understanding the war in Ukraine". CNN. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  54. ^ Khazan, Olga (10 March 2022). "I Watched Russian TV So You Don't Have To". The Atlantic. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  55. ^ "Дорогой Леонид Ильич Брежнев снова с нами" (in Russian). Novaya Gazeta. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  56. ^ "Покушение на Победу. Полемическое обозрение" [Assassination Attempt on Victory. Polemic Review] (in Russian). Sovetskaya Rossiya. 21 October 2004. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  57. ^ "Сергей Есенин на Первом канале: Пальцы в рот – и весёлый свист?" [Sergei Yesenin on Channel One: Fingers in the mouth – and a happy whistle?]. Komsomolskaya Pravda (in Russian). 7 November 2005. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  58. ^ ""Ненаучная фантастика": Историки о сериалах "Демон революции" и "Троцкий"" ["Unscientific fiction": Historians about the series "Demon of the Revolution" and "Trotsky"] (in Russian). Kinopoisk. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  59. ^ Grigory Tsvetkov (16 January 2008). "Шоковый рейтинг (Shock Rating)". Izvestia (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 January 2008.
  60. ^ "Здоровье с Еленой Малышевой" [Health with Yelena Malysheva]. forum.1tv.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
  61. ^ "Ведущая «Здоровья» Елена Малышева: «Мы не убиваем крыс в эфире»" [Host of 'Health' Elena Malysheva: "We do not kill rats on the air"]. Argumenty i Fakty (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2008.
  62. ^ Chelovek Sred' (18 January 2008). "Убить за рейтинг" [Kill for the rating]. Rosbalt (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 February 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
  63. ^ "Статья 245 УК РФ. Жестокое обращение с животными" [Article 245 CCRF. Ill-treatment of animals]. fizteh.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
  64. ^ "Здоровье с Еленой Малышевой" [Health with Elena Malysheva]. forum.1tv.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2008.

Sources

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[edit]
Wikimedia Commons logo
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Channel One Russia.

1995–2002

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