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Palestinian hikaye

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hikaye
Stylistic originsFolk tales
Cultural originsPalestinian
FormatsOral
Palestinian Hikaye
CountryPalestine
Reference00124
RegionArab States
Inscription history
Inscription2008 (3rd session)
ListRepresentative

Hikaye, or Palestinian hikaye (Arabic: حكاية, romanized: ḥikāya), is a unique form of oral literature from Palestine that is performed by women, particularly those who are older.

In 2005, it was listed as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO, and in 2008, it was inscribed to UNESCO's List of Intangible Cultural Heritage. However, as a result of changing social structures, broader access to school education, and the spread of mass media, the tradition is slowly dying out.

Background

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Hikaye are a unique form of literature, taking the form of educational folk tales passed down orally by older Palestinian women to other younger women and children.[1][2] Usually performed in the fallahi or madani dialects of Arabic, they are intended for entertainment and education, and are mostly performed in a domestic environment, usually in winter.[2][3]

Typically recited using an expressive tone, these spoken works discuss social issues and histories, particularly those that impact women. They may criticise society to provoke discussion and debate, or may have an archival function recording memories of displacement.[4] Whilst young boys might practice hikaye, as they grow older they are expected to no longer participate.[5]

Written literature

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Ibrahim Muhawi and Sharif Kanaana [ar] collected a total of 45 hikaye from the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and Galilee. These were published in English translation in 1989 under the title Speak Bird, Speak Again and in Arabic in 2001. The anthology was subsequently translated into Spanish and French.[6] In 2007, the Palestinian Ministry of Education confiscated around 1,500 copies of the book from public school libraries on the grounds that the stories used colloquial and sometimes offensive language that was unsuitable for teaching children.[7] However, after a storm of public outrage, this decision was soon withdrawn.[8]

UNESCO listings

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The Hikaye narrative form has been listed by UNESCO as one of the masterpieces of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity since 2005.[9][10] In 2008, the art form was inscribed to UNESCO's List of Intangible Cultural Heritage.[11] The bid to UNESCO was prepared with community organisations, such as the Arab Women's Union, the Society of Insha al-Usra, and the Qattan Foundation, amongst others.[12]

Decline

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Hikaye is in decline due to the influence of mass media, which often induce people to regard their native customs as backward and inferior. As a consequence, the elder women tend to change form and content of the narrations. The continued disruption of the social life due to the current political situation in Palestine is another threat to the continuation of the Hikaye.[9] However, since 2021 there has been some revival in the practice.[4]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Kołodziejczyk, Piotr (2020-11-30). "Żeby nie zapomnieć". Tygodnik Powszechny (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-11-22.
  2. ^ a b Rivoal, Isabelle (2001). "Susan Slyomovics, The Object of Memory. Arabs and Jews Narrate the Palestinian Village". L'Homme. Revue française d'anthropologie (in French) (158–159): 478–479. doi:10.4000/lhomme.6701. ISSN 0439-4216.
  3. ^ Timothy, Dallen J. (2018-12-07). Routledge Handbook on Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-22923-0.
  4. ^ a b Osman, Nadda. "From martial arts to the majlis: Seven Middle Eastern customs listed by Unesco". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
  5. ^ Cintio, Marcello Di (2018-05-21). Pay No Heed to the Rockets: Palestine in the Present Tense. Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0-86356-985-2.
  6. ^ Seikaly, Zeina. "Speak, Bird, Speak Again: Palestinian Arab Folktales, ed. by Ibrahim Muhawi and Sharif Kanaana (Book Review)." Middle East Journal 44.2 (1990): 337.
  7. ^ "Hamas school book ban sparks anger". Toronto Star. 2007-03-05. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
  8. ^ "Hamas reverse on schoolbook ban". BBC News. 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
  9. ^ a b "UNESCO - Palestinian Hikaye". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
  10. ^ Al-Barghouti, Siham (January 2011). "Palestinian Handicrafts" (PDF). This Week in Palestine. No. 153. p. 4.
  11. ^ Adam, Thomas; Stiefel, Barry L.; Peleg, Shelley-Anne (2023-04-17). Yearbook of Transnational History: (2023). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-1-68393-379-3.
  12. ^ Badran, Arwa; Abu-Khafajah, Shatha; Elliott, Sarah (2022-11-07). Community Heritage in the Arab Region: Values and Practices. Springer Nature. p. 155. ISBN 978-3-031-07446-2.

Further reading

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  • Carrascosa, Montserrat Rabadán (2003). La Jrefiyye palestina: literatura, mujer y maravilla: el cuento maravilloso palestino de tradición oral, estudio y textos (in Spanish). El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios de Asia y Africa. ISBN 9789681210830.
  • Sirhan, N. (2014). Folk Stories and Personal Narratives in Palestinian Spoken Arabic: A Cultural and Linguistic Study. Springer. ISBN 9781137325761.
  • Aboubakr, Farah (2017). "Peasantry in Palestinian Folktales: Sites of Memory, Homeland, and Collectivity". Marvels & Tales. 31 (2): 217–238. doi:10.13110/marvelstales.31.2.0217.
  • Raufman, Ravit (2018). ""White as Cheese": A Discussion of "Jbene", the Palestinian Oicotype of ATU 403". Folklore. 129 (2): 161–180. JSTOR 44810911.
  • Aboubakr, Farah (2023). The Folktales of Palestine: Cultural Identity, Memory and the Politics of Storytelling. SOAS Palestine Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780755650996.
Folktale collections
  • Schimdt, Hans; Kahle, Paul (1918). Volkserzählungen aus Palästine (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
  • Schimdt, Hans; Kahle, Paul (1930). Volkserzählungen aus Palästine (in German). Vol. 2. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
  • Muhawi, Ibrahim, and Sharif Kanaana. Speak, Bird, Speak Again: Palestinian Arab Folktales. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1989. ISBN 0-520-06292-2
  • Carrascosa, Montserrat Rabadán (2003). La Jrefiyye palestina: literatura, mujer y maravilla: el cuento maravilloso palestino de tradición oral, estudio y textos (in Spanish). El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios de Asia y Africa. ISBN 9789681210830.
  • Nimr, Sonia (2007). Ghaddar the ghoul: and other Palestinian folk-tales. London: Frances Lincoln Children's.
  • Ulrich Seeger, ed. (2009). Der arabische Dialektder Dörfer um Ramallah (in German). Vol. 1: Texte. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
    • Ulrich Seeger, ed. (2023). Palästinensische Märchen (in German). tredition. ISBN 978-3347935723. (partial reprint of the above)
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