From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
This is a Swadesh list of words in Basque English .
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
№ English Basqueeuskara edit (207) 1 I (1sg )ni 2 you (2sg )hi zu 3 he , she , it (3sg )hura bera 4 we (1pl )gu 5 you (2pl )zuek 6 they (3pl )haiek 7 this hau 8 that hori hura 9 here hemen 10 there hor han 11 who nor 12 what zer 13 where non 14 when noiz 15 how nola 16 not ez 17 all guzti den oro 18 many asko 19 some batzuk zenbait 20 few gutxi 21 other beste 22 one bat 23 two bi 24 three hiru 25 four lau 26 five bost 27 big handi 28 long luze 29 wide zabal 30 thick lodi gizen potolo 31 heavy astun 32 small txiki 33 short labur motz 34 narrow estu mehar 35 thin argal 36 woman emakume 37 man (adult male)gizon 38 man (human being)gizaki 39 child haur ume sein 40 wife emazte 41 husband senar 42 mother ama 43 father aita 44 animal abere animalia 45 fish arrain 46 bird txori 47 dog txakur 48 louse zorri 49 snake suge 50 worm har 51 tree zuhaitz 52 forest oihan baso 53 stick makila 54 fruit igali fruitu zitu 55 seed ale hazi 56 leaf hosto orri 57 root erro sustrai 58 bark (of a tree)azal 59 flower lili lore 60 grass belar bedar 61 rope soka 62 skin larru 63 meat haragi 64 blood odol 65 bone hezur 66 fat (noun)gantz 67 egg arrautza 68 horn adar 69 tail buztan 70 feather luma 71 hair ile 72 head buru 73 ear belarri 74 eye begi 75 nose sudur 76 mouth aho 77 tooth hortz hagin 78 tongue (organ)mihi 79 fingernail azazkal 80 foot oin 81 leg hanka zango 82 knee belaun 83 hand esku 84 wing hego 85 belly sabel 86 guts heste tripa 87 neck lepo 88 back bizkar 89 breast bular 90 heart bihotz 91 liver gibel 92 to drink edan 93 to eat jan 94 to bite kosk egin 95 to suck xurgatu 96 to spit txistu egin 97 to vomit goitikatu 98 to blow putz egin 99 to breathe arnas egin 100 to laugh barre egin 101 to see ikusi 102 to hear entzun 103 to know jakin 104 to think pentsatu 105 to smell usaindu 106 to fear beldur izan 107 to sleep lo egin 108 to live bizi izan 109 to die hil intransitive )110 to kill hil transitive )111 to fight borrokatu 112 to hunt ehizatu 113 to hit jo 114 to cut moztu 115 to split pitzatu 116 to stab sastatu 117 to scratch urratu 118 to dig aitzurtu 119 to swim igeri egin 120 to fly hegaz egin 121 to walk ibili 122 to come etorri 123 to lie (as in a bed) etzan action ), etzanda egon state )124 to sit eseri action ), eserita egon state )125 to stand zutitu action ), zutik egon state )126 to turn (intransitive) biratu 127 to fall erori jausi 128 to give eman 129 to hold eduki 130 to squeeze estutu 131 to rub igurtzi 132 to wash ikuzi garbitu xahutu 133 to wipe xukatu lehortu 134 to pull erakarri 135 to push bultzatu 136 to throw bota jaurti 137 to tie lotu 138 to sew josi 139 to count zenbatu kondatu 140 to say esan erran 141 to sing abestu 142 to play jokatu 143 to float igerikatu 144 to flow isuri 145 to freeze izoztu 146 to swell hanpatu puztu 147 sun eguzki iguzki eki 148 moon ilargi 149 star izar 150 water ur 151 rain euri 152 river ibai 153 lake aintzira zingira 154 sea itsaso 155 salt gatz 156 stone harri 157 sand hondar hare 158 dust hauts 159 earth lur 160 cloud hodei 161 fog laino 162 sky ortzi zeru 163 wind haize 164 snow elur edur 165 ice izotz 166 smoke ke 167 fire su 168 ash hauts errauts 169 to burn erre 170 road bide 171 mountain mendi 172 red gorri 173 green orlegi berde 174 yellow hori 175 white zuri 176 black beltz 177 night gau 178 day egun 179 year urte 180 warm bero 181 cold hotz 182 full bete 183 new berri 184 old zahar 185 good on 186 bad txar 187 rotten ustel 188 dirty zikin 189 straight zuzen 190 round biribil 191 sharp (as a knife)zorrotz 192 dull (as a knife)kamuts 193 smooth leun 194 wet busti heze 195 dry lehor 196 correct zuzen 197 near hurbil 198 far urrun 199 right eskuin 200 left ezker 201 at -an 202 in -an 203 with -ekin 204 and eta 205 if ba- 206 because -lako bait- eta 207 name izen deitura
Le basque unifié (initiation), Assimil, Chennevières-sur-Marne 1996, →ISBN ( French )
Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN ( French ) Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Reconstructed proto-languages
