The !CONFIG_MMU implementation of __get_user_pages_locked() takes a bare get_page() reference for each page regardless of foll_flags: if (pages[i]) get_page(pages[i]); This is reached from pin_user_pages*() with FOLL_PIN set. unpin_user_page() is shared between MMU and NOMMU configurations and unconditionally calls gup_put_folio(..., FOLL_PIN), which subtracts GUP_PIN_COUNTING_BIAS (1024) from the folio refcount. This means that pin adds 1, and then unpin will subtract 1024. If a user maps a page (refcount 1), registers it 1023 times as an io_uring fixed buffer (1023 pin_user_pages calls -> refcount 1024), then unregisters: the first unpin_user_page subtracts 1024, refcount hits 0, the page is freed and returned to the buddy allocator. The remaining 1022 unpins write into whatever was reallocated, and the user's VMA still maps the freed page (NOMMU has no MMU to invalidate it). Reallocating the page for an io_uring pbuf_ring then lets userspace corrupt the new owner's data through the stale mapping. Use try_grab_folio() which adds GUP_PIN_COUNTING_BIAS for FOLL_PIN and 1 for FOLL_GET, mirroring the CONFIG_MMU path so pin and unpin are symmetric. While at it, don't return NULL pointers in the page array, as this is really not expected for GUP users; instead, just fail and return -EFAULT. [david@kernel.org: changelog update] https://lore.kernel.org/e9c5cf89-fa4c-4b83-ae70-9d3c72542ee9@kernel.org Link: https://lore.kernel.org/2026042303-vendor-outright-b9d2@gregkh Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Acked-by: David Hildenbrand (Arm) <david@kernel.org> Assisted-by: David Hildenbrand <david@kernel.org> Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@ziepe.ca> Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com> Cc: Peter Xu <peterx@redhat.com> Reported-by: Anthropic Assisted-by: gkh_clanker_t1000 Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>