fix(auth): make _notifyAllSubscribers non-blocking to prevent callback deadlocks

[7ttp]

Summary

Makes _notifyAllSubscribers non-blocking by removing await on subscriber callbacks. This prevents deadlocks when callbacks perform async operations that require the auth lock.

Problem

When a subscriber callback in onAuthStateChange performs async operations like getUser() or getSession(), a deadlock occurs:

1. Auth method (e.g., signInWithPassword) acquires lock via _acquireLock()
2. Inside the lock, it calls await _notifyAllSubscribers() which awaits all callbacks
3. Subscriber callback calls getUser() which tries to acquire the same lock
4. Lock queues getUser() to wait for current operation
5. Current operation waits for callback to complete
6. Deadlock: callback waits for getUser() → waits for lock → waits for callback

Solution

Remove async/await from _notifyAllSubscribers. Callbacks fire synchronously, async callbacks run in background without blocking. Errors still caught and logged.

Related

• Extends fix(auth): defer subscriber notification in exchangeCodeForSession to prevent deadlock #2014 - that PR added setTimeout wrapper at one call site (exchangeCodeForSession). This fix makes _notifyAllSubscribers itself non-blocking, fixing all 20+ call sites.
• closes Supabase Auth-JS Deadlock Issue #2013
• Related Supabase Auth - onAuthStateChange does not trigger intermittently, and refreshSession/getUser hangs indefinitely supabase#41968

[coveralls]

coverage: 81.017% (+0.02%) from 80.997%
when pulling 60e2a3d on 7ttp:fix/auth-non-blocking-subscriber-notifications
into 09aa106 on supabase:master.

[simplysparsh]

@7ttp Thanks for the PR
@mandarini @grdsdev Would be great if you can review this.

[mandarini]

This PR will re-introduce the SSR OAuth bug that #2039 fixes.

The SSR callback is async:

  client.auth.onAuthStateChange(async (event) => {                                       
    await applyServerStorage({...})                                                      
  })                                                                                     

With this PRs non-blocking approach, applyServerStorage won't complete before serverless functions return, causing the same cookie-setting failure as the original setTimeout issue.

We need a different solution that:

1. Prevents deadlocks when callbacks call getUser() or getSession()
2. Ensures critical async operations (like cookie-setting) complete before returning
3. Works in both serverless and long-running server contexts

Potential approaches:

• Detect if callback is async and warn/error if it awaits other auth methods
• Document that callbacks MUST NOT await auth methods
• Refactor locking mechanism to allow reentrant calls during notifications
• Make cookie-setting synchronous (queue writes instead of awaiting)