This study reports a post-assembly, reversible crosslinking strategy that enhances lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-mediated mRNA delivery while preserving efficient intracellular release. The resulting crosslinked LNPs enable improved endosomal escape, sustained in vivo expression and robust immune and antitumor responses across multiple clinically relevant LNP platforms.

This Review examines membrane and electrochemical technologies for direct lithium extraction, focusing on separation mechanisms, performance trade-offs and the influence of brine composition. It offers a blueprint for treatment train integration and highlights key opportunities and challenges to advance direct lithium extraction toward practical and scalable industrial adoption.

Cost-effective, environmentally sustainable and energy-efficient ways to address rising atmospheric CO₂ levels are urgently needed. Here the authors combine electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to formate with biosynthetic conversion of formate to the universal building block acetyl-CoA using a synthetic metabolic pathway called ReForm.

The field of electroreduction of the oxidized forms of nitrogen (NO_x) to ammonia (NH₃) tends to focus on catalyst design, sometimes under impractical conditions. This Comment touches on the potential limitations of several popular approaches in NO_x-to-NH₃ research and explores opportunities for its translation into a more practical domain.

This study presents a framework for the automated generation of reaction networks in heterogeneous catalysis. Powered by state-of-the-art machine learning models, the framework enables the investigation of thermal and electrochemical processes not amenable to density functional theory. The capabilities of its kinetic module are demonstrated by simulating Fischer–Tropsch networks with 37,000 reactions.

This study reports a self-driven nanoemulsification mechanism via surfactant-flux-induced interfacial instability, enabling the rapid, scalable production of highly uniform nanocarriers, such as nanodroplets, micelles, vesicles and polymeric nanoparticles, under mild conditions.

This study reports on a hydrogen-molecule-mediated proton-exchange membrane. The design leverages hydrogen evolution and oxidation reactions on gas diffusion electrodes to overcome the typical trade-off between selectivity and conductivity, with demonstrations in a pH-decoupled rechargeable battery and an electrochemical stack for efficient acid and base generation.

This study reports a post-assembly, reversible crosslinking strategy that enhances lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-mediated mRNA delivery while preserving efficient intracellular release. The resulting crosslinked LNPs enable improved endosomal escape, sustained in vivo expression and robust immune and antitumor responses across multiple clinically relevant LNP platforms.

Conventional hemodialysis devices are limited by their need for large dialysate volumes, which restricts portability. This study introduces a dialysate-free wearable artificial kidney prototype that uses gas-permeable, blood-repellent membranes for vapor-gradient-driven water removal and integrated adsorption for toxin clearance, offering a promising technology for portable blood purification.

Rapid pH changes can trigger hollow vacuoles in associative condensates of pH-responsive biomolecules. Using a model enzyme–polymer system, how larger droplets and faster pH changes promote vacuole formation by creating unstable non-equilibrium compositions is shown. A physics-based model reproduces these observations, showing when and how vacuoles arise through spinodal decomposition.

This Editorial highlights recent strategies for bridging electrochemical half-reactions that have been deliberately separated into distinct environments, showcasing how creative recoupling approaches can unlock improved performance and new chemistries beyond the reach of conventional cell designs.

Xiaotian Lu and Ayusman Sen discuss the principles underlying the design of active particle populations with distributed functionality that collectively perform complex tasks.

Electrochemical synthesis typically occurs in coupled systems, in which anodic and cathodic half-reactions proceed simultaneously in the same cell. This Comment discusses strategies that can decouple half-reactions to achieve modular electrochemical synthesis for flexible chemical manufacturing.